Tasheel Definitions and Rules pdf

Chapter 1 & 2 Definitions and Rules

Nahw

  • Definition: Science that teaches how to combine nouns, verbs, and particles to form correct sentences.

  • Key Concepts:

    • Determines the إعراب (I'raab) of the last letter of a word.

Types of Words

Noun (اسم)

  • Definition: A word whose meaning can be understood independently; it usually refers to a person, place, or thing.

  • Signs of Noun:

    • Preceded by ال (the definite article).

    • Forms: can be مرفوع, منصوب, مجرور; can be dual or plural; may include تنوين (tanween).

Verb (فعل)

  • Definition: A word whose meaning denotes action; can be in past, present, or future tense.

  • Signs of Verb:

    • Preceded by أو (و/ف), can have hidden إعراب; can include أ or ends with تْ.

Sentence Types

  • Categorized:

    • حقيقتان (Truths): Can be proven true or false.

    • مجاز (Metaphors): Cannot be proven true or false; includes 10 types:

      • ذات (zāt), مآل (maʾāl), etc.

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Noun Sentences (جملة اسمية)

  • Definition: A sentence that begins with a noun; the noun acts as the subject (مبتدأ) which must be مرفوع, while the predicate (خبر) is generally a noun form (مؤخر).

  • Points of Agreement: Both must agree in عدد (number) and جنس (gender).

Verb Sentences (جملة فعلية)

  • Definition: A sentence that begins with a verb; the verb must have a مرفوع subject and must comply with the فعل rules.

Phrase Structures

Noun Descriptive Phrase (صفة)

  • Structure: One word describes another; description must match

    • متصف بالدلالة (attributed noun) and موصوف (described noun) in number and gender.

Genitive Construction (إضافة)

  • Structure: A phrase in which the first word is attributed to the second one.

    • The second word adopts the إعراب of whatever it is in the sentence, can never receive نصبة or الكسر.

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Pointing Phrases (اشارة)

  • Definition: A phrase in which one noun points to another noun; both must match in عدد, جنس, and إعراب.

    • If absence of ال, it forms a complete sentence.

Numeral Phrases (عدد)

  • Definition: A phrase in which two numerals are joined to form a single concept (number).

    • Special rules for forming singulars and plurals, like 12, can make exceptions.

Pronouns (ضمائر)

  • Definition: Words used in place of names; can be ظاهرة (apparent) or مستترة (hidden).

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Conjugated Words (حروف)

  • These words make the following word مرفوع; includes seventeen concepts.

Negation Words (حروف نفي)

  • Appear before أ; modifies verb tense and structure of sentence.

Governing Words (حروف التحكم)

  • Two govern words; they change subject's state and إعراب; includes 13 types.

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Changing Word Patterns

  • مرفوع, منصوب, مجرور: Classified by إعراب patterns.

Pronouns

  • ظاهرة: Visible pronouns; quality depends on the context.

  • مستترة: Hidden within contexts typically, for emphasis usage.

Masculine and Feminine Pronouns

  • Masculine taken as ه; Feminine as ها. Used for emphasis in sentences.

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Emphasis Pronouns

  • Definition: Comes between a subject and predicate to demonstrate distinction.

Types of Pronouns

  • Required back-reference to previous terms.

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Nouns of Location (ظرف مكان)

  • Indicate place or time of actions, forming critical hesitations or clues in sentences.