PROF DEV

Hofstede’s 5 Dimensions of Culture (Tuleia, 2019)

1. Power Distance (PDI) ⚖

  • Definition: Degree to which inequality and hierarchy are accepted in society.

  • Low PDI: People expect equality; flatter hierarchies.

  • High PDI: People accept inequality; strict hierarchies.

  • ✅ Example: Denmark (low PDI) vs. Philippines (high PDI, where managers are highly respected and not often challenged).

2. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) ❓

  • Definition: Degree to which people feel uncomfortable with ambiguity and risk.

  • High UAI: Prefer rules, structure, and clear instructions.

  • Low UAI: More open to change, flexible, and innovative.

  • ✅ Example: Japan (high UAI → detailed policies) vs. Singapore (low UAI → more open to uncertainty).

3. Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS) 🚹🚺

  • Definition: Focus on achievement and competition vs. relationships and quality of life.

  • Masculine culture: Values success, money, recognition, performance.

  • Feminine culture: Values cooperation, well-being, work-life balance.

  • ✅ Example: Japan (masculine, work-driven) vs. Sweden (feminine, focus on equality and work-life balance).

4. Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV) 👤🤝

  • Definition: Whether people prioritize themselves or the group.

  • Individualistic: Personal goals, independence, “I” over “we.”

  • Collectivistic: Group harmony, loyalty, “we” over “I.”

  • ✅ Example: USA (individualistic, personal achievement) vs. China (collectivist, group loyalty).

5. Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation (LTO) ⏳

  • Definition: Perspective on time, goals, and perseverance.

  • Long-term: Patience, persistence, long-term goals, loyalty to employer.

  • Short-term: Quick results, immediate rewards, frequent job changes.

  • ✅ Example: China (long-term → values saving & persistence) vs. USA (short-term → focus on quick success).

📌 Quick Memory Tip (Mnemonic):
👉 PUMIL = Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity/Femininity, Individualism/Collectivism, Long-term/Short-term.


Emotion Model (Costa, Favaretto, & Musse, 2019)

The OCC Model is one of the most widely used frameworks for understanding and synthesizing emotions. It classifies emotions based on how people evaluate events, actions, or objects.

📌 Key Idea:

  • Personality = Climate (stable, long-term traits)

  • Emotion = Weather (momentary, observable states)

OCC Model: Processes

The model describes how emotions are generated through five processes:

  1. Classifying the event, action, or object encountered.

  2. Quantifying intensity of emotions (how strong they are).

  3. Interaction with existing emotions (combining or conflicting).

  4. Mapping internal states to expressions (how emotions show).

  5. Expressing the emotion (behavior, words, or gestures).

OCC Emotion Categories

1. Event-based emotions (depend on desirable/undesirable events)

  • Joy → pleased about a desirable event

  • Distress → displeased about an undesirable event

  • Happy-for → pleased about a desirable event for someone else

  • Pity → displeased about an undesirable event for someone else

  • Gloating → pleased about an undesirable event for someone else

  • Resentment → displeased about a desirable event for someone else

  • Hope → pleased about the prospect of a desirable event

  • Fear → displeased about the prospect of an undesirable event

  • Satisfaction → pleased about confirmation of a desirable prospect

  • Fears-confirmed → displeased about confirmation of an undesirable prospect

  • Relief → pleased about disconfirmation of an undesirable prospect

  • Disappointment → displeased about disconfirmation of a desirable prospect

2. Action-based emotions (depend on praise or blame for actions)

  • Pride → approving of one’s praiseworthy action

  • Shame → disapproving of one’s blameworthy action

  • Admiration → approving of someone else’s praiseworthy action

  • Reproach → disapproving of someone else’s blameworthy action

  • Gratification → approving of one’s praiseworthy action + pleased about related desirable event

  • Remorse → disapproving of one’s blameworthy action + displeased about related undesirable event

  • Gratitude → approving of someone else’s praiseworthy action + pleased about related desirable event

  • Anger → disapproving of someone else’s blameworthy action + displeased about related undesirable event

3. Object-based emotions (depend on liking or disliking objects)

  • Love → liking an appealing object

  • Hate → disliking an unappealing object

✅ With these two tables combined, you now have the complete OCC emotion taxonomy (22 categories total).
They are grouped into three major types:

  • Event-based (reactions to outcomes)

  • Action-based (reactions to agency/praise/blame)

  • Object-based (reactions to things/objects)


👉 Each OCC emotion is triggered by either:

  1. An event (something happens, good or bad, to you or others),

  2. An action (someone does something praiseworthy or blameworthy), or

  3. An object (you simply like or dislike something).

Let me break it down with easy distinctions:

🔹 Event-based emotions (something happens → good/bad)

  • Joy vs. Distress →

    • Joy = pleased about a good event (you got promoted)

    • Distress = displeased about a bad event (you failed an exam)

  • Happy-for vs. Pity → (someone else’s event)

    • Happy-for = pleased about another’s good event (friend wins a prize)

    • Pity = displeased about another’s bad event (friend loses job)

  • Gloating vs. Resentment → (jealousy or schadenfreude)

    • Gloating = pleased about another’s bad event (rival’s failure)

    • Resentment = displeased about another’s good event (rival gets promotion)

  • Hope vs. Fear → (future events, not yet confirmed)

    • Hope = looking forward to a good outcome (hoping to win a contest)

    • Fear = worried about a bad outcome (afraid of losing money)

  • Satisfaction vs. Fears-confirmed → (future event confirmed)

    • Satisfaction = hope fulfilled (the contest win actually happens)

    • Fears-confirmed = fear realized (the money was indeed lost)

  • Relief vs. Disappointment → (future event disconfirmed)

    • Relief = a feared bad event didn’t happen (test canceled)

    • Disappointment = a hoped-for good event didn’t happen (concert canceled)

🔹 Action-based emotions (someone does something → judge as good/bad)

  • Pride vs. Shame (your own actions)

    • Pride = pleased with your good action (you helped a colleague)

    • Shame = displeased with your bad action (you lied to your boss)

  • Admiration vs. Reproach (others’ actions)

    • Admiration = pleased with someone else’s good action (teammate volunteers)

    • Reproach = displeased with someone else’s bad action (coworker cheats)

  • Gratification vs. Remorse (own action + event outcome)

    • Gratification = proud of good action that caused good event (you studied hard → passed exam)

    • Remorse = ashamed of bad action that caused bad event (you procrastinated → failed exam)

  • Gratitude vs. Anger (others’ action + event outcome)

    • Gratitude = admire someone’s good action + good result (friend helps you → you succeed)

    • Anger = reproach someone’s bad action + bad result (colleague lies → you get blamed)

🔹 Object-based emotions (things, not actions/events)

  • Love = liking something appealing (beautiful song, favorite food)

  • Hate = disliking something unappealing (annoying noise, disliked food)

✅ Shortcut to tell them apart:

  1. Ask: Is it about an event, an action, or just liking something?

  2. Ask: Is it about me, someone else, or the future?

  3. Ask: Is the feeling based on good vs. bad, or confirmation vs. disconfirmation?