I.Environmental and health, the impact of environmental (3)
Page 1: Introduction to Health and Environment
Environmental factors impact human health.
Hygiene plays a crucial role in healthcare practices.
Importance of health risk assessment and management.
Speaker: Temur Barkalaia, MD.
Page 2: Preventive Healthcare
Preventive healthcare helps in disease prevention.
Influencing factors for disease include:
Environmental factors
Genetic predisposition
Disease agents
Lifestyle choices
Disease processes begin before individuals realize their effects.
Prevention Categories:
Primal
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Millions die annually from preventable causes (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes).
WHO (2020): 55 million deaths, 2/3 from non-communicable diseases.
Page 3: Prevention Methods
Teenage Smoking Prevention:
Education and information dissemination.
Regular check-ups recommended for:
Disease screening
Risk factor identification
Healthy lifestyle discussions
Immunization updates
Common disease screenings (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, cancers).
Genetic testing for disease predispositions.
Cost and effectiveness of preventive healthcare is debated.
Page 4: Levels of Preventive Healthcare
Preventive strategies include:
Primal Prevention: Recent concept, focuses on fetal and newborn health.
Primary Prevention: Early actions to prevent diseases.
Secondary Prevention: Early detection of diseases.
Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation after disease onset.
Key contributions by Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark.
Page 5: Types of Prevention
Primordial Prevention: Avoiding risk factor development early in life.
Primary Prevention: Immunization, healthy lifestyle changes.
Secondary Prevention: Disease detection before symptoms appear.
Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation and treatment to minimize disease progression.
Quaternary Prevention: Avoiding unnecessary interventions.
Page 6: Primal and Primordial Prevention
Primal Prevention: Affects health during the fetal and early life stages by focusing on environmental influences.
Primordial Prevention: Preventing the emergence of risk factors. Key actions include reducing air pollution and prohibiting harmful chemicals in food.
Page 7: Primary Prevention
Emphasizes non-clinical health choices such as nutrition and exercise.
Links poor food access in low-income areas to obesity and chronic diseases.
Solutions include urban gardening and mobile fresh markets.
Page 8: Genetics and Disease Prevention
Advances in genetics improve disease prevention.
Genetic testing for hereditary diseases leads to tailored treatments.
Good hygiene practices and proper sanitation reduce communicable diseases.
Page 9: Secondary Prevention
Focuses on asymptomatic diseases, encouraging early detection.
Aims to contain and treat diseases early to prevent complications.
Example: Early treatment for syphilis patients to prevent further complications.
Page 10: Tertiary Prevention
Aims at reducing damage from symptomatic diseases through rehabilitation.
Goal is to maximize remaining capabilities and functions of affected individuals.
Page 11: Child Mortality
In 2010, 7.6 million children died before age 5 due to preventable causes, mainly infections.
High rates in Africa and Southeast Asia; targeted interventions are necessary.
Page 12: Obesity Prevention
Obesity is linked to serious health conditions, such as CVD and diabetes.
Key measures include exercise and balanced diet.
U.S. obesity prevalence has significant socio-economic impacts.
Page 13: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
STIs are preventable through safe sex practices and education.
Prophylactic measures include condom use and regular screenings.
Page 14: Malaria Prevention with Genetic Modification
Genetically modified mosquitoes used as a control measure against malaria.
Controversy surrounding genetic modification in disease prevention.
Page 15: Cancer Epidemiology
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths; tobacco is a major risk factor.
Primary prevention is essential to reduce cancer prevalence.
Page 16: Healthcare Access Inequalities
Disparities exist in healthcare access among different demographics.
Barriers include income, education, and lack of insurance.
Page 17: Global Health Disparities
Life expectancy gaps between developed and developing countries.
Accessibility issues in low-income regions regarding healthcare services.
Page 18: Economics of Health
Positive lifestyle choices seen as investments in health.
Comparison of preventive spending vs direct healthcare costs.
Page 19: Health Insurance and Lifestyle Choices
Coverage influences health behavior choices.
Affordable Care Act aims to improve preventive care access.
Page 20: Preventive Healthcare Cost-Effectiveness
Mixed views on the cost-effectiveness of preventive measures.
Emphasis on health benefits over monetary savings.
Page 21: Childhood Obesity Interventions
National interventions implemented to address childhood obesity.
Examples include taxation on sugary drinks and school policies.
Page 22: Short and Long-Term Effects of Childhood Obesity
Obesity impacts children's cognitive and long-term health.
Page 23: The Affordable Care Act (ACA)
ACA aims for better health coverage and preventive services accessibility.
Page 24: Preventive Care Coverage
Insurance covers preventive care; designed to prevent chronic diseases.
Page 25: Key Terms
Focus on preventable health risks:
Child vaccinations
Hygiene practices
Chronic diseases
Quality adjusted life years.
Page 26: Hygiene Practices
Defined by WHO, hygiene aims to maintain health and prevent disease spread.
Includes personal, home, and professional hygiene measures.
Page 27: Hygiene in Context
Hygiene practices differ by culture; essential for public health.
Page 28: Medical Hygiene Practices
Importance of sterilization, protective gear, and environmental cleanliness in healthcare.
Page 29: Home Hygiene
Focus on preventing disease in the home environment.
Page 30: Hand Hygiene
Hand washing and use of sanitizers critical to prevent infections.
Page 31: Respiratory Hygiene
Correct practices minimize pathogen spread during illness.
Page 32: Food Hygiene
WHO principles for preventing food poisoning.
Page 33: Medical Hygiene in Home Care
Importance of hygiene practices for in-home care of susceptible individuals.
Page 34: Chemical Disinfectants
Definition and uses of disinfectants and sanitizers; importance of reading labels.
Page 35: Personal Hygiene Practices
Overview of hygiene practices relating to various body and health aspects.