Columbus’s “discovery” creates a transatlantic system with profound economic and social (democratic e ects).
Goods like spices, food, etc. were transferred from the old world to the new world and vice versa, but so was disease.
There were e ects on both sides of the atlantic.
Europe gots new food products (corn and potato) and their population grew, but native populations decreases due to the increase of diseases like smallpox.
The demographics were opposite.
The Columbian Exchange strengthened european power because of more revenue, and spain benefits in the early stage of colonization (lasting settlements).
The English did not have lasting settlements at first (remember roanoke), but Jamestown came later and was successful after John Smith and John Rolfe.
Establishing the colonies: New England vs. Chesapeake vs. Southern
Colonies were settled for di erent reasons.
Some were escaping religious persecution and wanted to practice their own beliefs (Like Massachusetts with a puritan city on a hill) and others (like Virginia) were in search of gold.
Most New England colonies were for religious reasons and Chesapeake were for other reasons.
Life in the Chesapeake colonies was full of diseases and bad living conditions.
This cut 10 years o of the lifespan for the colonists.
There were fragile families because there were not many women and as a result, men had trouble finding mates.
The few unmarried girls were often pregnant and since men died often, widows usually were allowed to own their land.
Once the tobacco industry became successful, the colonies also became successful.
Entire families migrated over to New England so it was opposite that of the Chesapeake colonies.
New England had harsh and rocky soil so farming was di erent and led to subsistence farming.
Fishing, shipbuilding, and small factories were common in New England.
Middle colonies were the “breadbasket” of all the colonies and there were many river systems.
Middle colonies also grew cereal crops and were more anti-slavery than southern colonies (Ex. Pennsylvania-quakers=more tolerant).
In southern colonies, plantation systems developed where cash crops were grown and there was less urban development-more favorable to agriculture.
Smallpox
Native populations decreases due to the increase of diseases like smallpox.
Jamestown
Jamestown came later and was successful after John Smith and John Rolfe.
Confederation & Dominion of New England
The New England Confederation was formed when four colonies (The Bay and Plymouth along with the Connecticut colonies of New haven and the scattered valley settlements) banded together to defend against foes such as the French, Indians, and Dutch and to deal with intercolonial problems.
Each colony, regardless of size, had two votes.
The confederation was Puritan but it was a step towards colonial unity.
These colonies acted together on matters of intercolonial importance which had not really been seen before.
The Dominion of New England was created by royal authority to enforce Navigation Laws that would prevent American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown.
The Americans did not like these laws and smuggling became a common occupation (start of resistance to the British).
Sir Edmund Andros strove to enforce the laws, suppress smuggling and end other activities, so there was a revolt.
This was known as the Glorious Revolution and Catholic James II was dethroned while protestant rulers of the Netherlands (Dutch William III and his wife Mary, daughter of James II) were enthroned.
This change in power collapsed the Dominion of New England.
The revolution inspired other colonies to strike against royal authority in America. New Monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade and there was a period of “salutary neglect” when the Navigation Laws were weakly enforced.
England did not have much influence in the colonies during this time, so when they tried to tighten their grip again, the colonists were upset.
New England colonies included Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony (merged together later), Rhode Island, Connecticut (settlement also in New Haven founded by Puritans. Connecticut valley settlements later merged with New Haven), and New Hampshire (absorbed by the Bay Colony then separated and made a royal colony by the king).
Indentured servants & the spread of slavery/cash crops
Indentured servants and farmers were generally on the frontier (poorer) while wealthy people were on the eastern seaboard. People did not like this division.
There were many indentured servants in the chesapeake colonies.
There were New World encounters which lead to evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
The Spanish, English and others thought natives were uncivilized and they thought they were doing them a favor by christianizing them (white man's burden).
The Encomienda system gave spain native labor (indians), but they often died from diseases so there was a switch to African Americans.
Black slaves didn’t rebel as much and were a more reliable source of labor.
Servants and slaves worked on plantations and harvested crops like sugarcane and tobacco (very important crop in colonial America).
Slaves were shipped over with the middle passage and conditions were so terrible that many died or jumped o the boat and committed suicide.
African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the American colonies because wages went up in England.
These rising wages made the amount of indentured servants willing to come to America decrease, so more black slaves were imported.
The slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantations.
Additionally, some plantation owners and others feared rebellions, like Bacon’s Rebellion, so they relied more on African slaves who were less likely to revolt.
As the plantation system grew, so did slavery (directly related).
Indentured servants and the headright system.
IF they survived after 7-10 years they would get freedom dues
Bacon’s Rebellion
In 1676 a thousand Virginians broke out of control, led by Nathaniel Bacon.
Bacon was a young planter and many of the rebels were frontiersmen.
They killed Indians and chased Berkeley, Virginia's governor, from Jamestown and burned the capital.
Bacon Bacon wanted all Indians dead, regardless of if they were good or bad. Bacon ignited resentment of former servants and the tension remained even after Bacon died, although the rebellion fallen apart after he died.
Bacon’s Rebellion was an important turning point because it is a shift from labor from the headright system to a less troublesome form of labor (aka slaves).
Sharp decrease in indentured servitude.
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials were in Massachusetts and the community consisted of puritans.
Young girls claimed to be bewitched by older women and “witch hunts” followed and many people were killed, including two dogs.
Large-scale witchcraft persecutions were common in Europe and there were several outbreaks in the colonies.
Matthew Hopkins was a witch-hunter and his methods brought death to hundreds of women, men and children in eastern England in the 1640s.
It ended in 1693 when the governor of Massachusetts was alarmed that his wife was accused.
He put an end to further trials and pardoned those already convicted.
Reparations were also made to the heirs of the other victims.
Women and young girls were accused of being witches because girls had abnormal behaviors (moldy bread is thought to be the cause-ergot poisoning)
It was also an economic/ class conflicts (backwoods girls) accuse wealthier families.
The witch hysteria was a way to get back at enemies and blame people for random things.
Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious revival that exploded in the 1730s and 40s.
E ects of the Great Awakening included undermining the old clergy, the creation of new education/ “new light” centers, and sparking colonial unity.
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were key leaders in the Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards was involved in the Great Awakening and he believed in salvation through good works and being dependent on God’s grace.
He often discussed hell and what it looked like.
He was a pastor and had a famous sermon called, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”
George Whitefield was also involved in the Great Awakening and he believed in human helplessness and divine omnipotence.
He gave moving speeches(orator) that brought people to tears and he inspired many with his unique style of preaching which was full of emotional appeals.
He was a great orator who used emotional appeals while preaching, which was a new and unique approach.
The Great Awakening undermined the old clergy and boosted colonial unity which was a stepping stone leading up to the American Revolution.
Causes & e ects of the 7 Years’ War
The cause of the Seven Years War, like most wars, was about economics.
More specifically, it started when the Governor of Virginia awarded a huge land grant to the Ohio Company.
The Native Americans and their French supporters thought that they had rights to the land so there were tensions.
The fighting broke out when the British tried to eject the French from their forts.
In the New World, Ohio became the main place where disagreements between the French and British occured.
There was a snapping point in 1749 when there were legal disagreements relating to land ownership.
In 1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio and Virginians fired the first shots close to Fort Duquesne.
The French fought back and Washington was forced to surrender.
The British took action after this and the sides went back and forth for years.
The Seven Years War was fought not only in America, but in Europe, the West Indies, Africa, the Philippines, and on the ocean.
In Europe, Britain and Prussia were on one side against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.
The French wasted strength in the European struggle in Germany and they were not able to throw adequate force into the New World.
The British had some later defeats but ultimately took the lead and won the war.
The peace treaty at Paris in 1763 o cially ended the war and France was no longer a leading power in North America, Britain was the dominant power.
Albany Congress
The British government summoned an intercolonial congress to Albany, New York and delegates from 7 out of 13 colonies showed up.
The purpose of the meeting was to keep the Iroquois Indian tribes loyal to the British in the war, and the Indian chiefs were bribed with gifts, like guns.
Another goal was to achieve greater colonial unity that could help them win against France.
Benjamin Franklin was the leading spirit of the Congress and he drew a famous cartoon of a separated snake representing colonies.
Benjamin Franklin came up with a plan and the delegates adopted the plan but the individual colonies and the london regime did not.
Pontiac’s Uprising
The Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years War negatively impacted the Indians and the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 led many tribes in a campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country.
They had the help of a handful of French traders.
In Detroit, they overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians and they killed around two thousand soldiers and settlers.
The British responded by distributing smallpox infected blankets among the Indians and this ended the uprising.
Pontiac died and the British were motivated to stabilize relations with western Indians.
The french were more pleasant to deal with so natives were a ected by britain's victory and the french being kicked out.
They no longer had an ally or trading partner in the area.
More distrust (natives vs. Britain)
Proclamation of 1763
After the french and indian war and pontiac’s uprising Britain wanted to have better relations with the indians to prevent further conflict so they said that colonists could not settle west of the appalachians because the territory was for the Indians.
This angered colonists because they didn’t get the territory they were fighting for in the war.
After a period of statutory neglect, the colonies felt that britain couldn’t restrict them that much. The colonists decided to disregard the proclamation and settled there anyway, heightening tensions leading up to the American Revolution.
Mercantilism
It was a trading pattern that helped shape the 13 colonies.
Triangle trade was prevalent and it was a feedback loop in a way because colonies needed slaves to produce things like sugar and the more they produce these things the more they can sell them to Britain and get manufactured goods from britain.
Continuing cycle.
Mercantilism was embraced by The British authorities and Mercantilists believed that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold/ silver in its treasury. To do this, it needed to export more than it imported.
The British began to impose regulations (navigation laws) because they wanted the colonies to trade only with Britain and no one else. Britain passed the Navigation Laws and later the Molasses Act.
The Navigation Laws were designed to prevent American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown. The Molasses Act was passed because the British West Indian planters wanted North American trade to stop with the French West Indies.
Americans (increasing in size/population) wanted more British products, yet the slow growing british population did not have enough room to absorbing more imports from America. This resulted in a trade imbalance and colonists looked for foreign markets, which most likely angered Britain.
Increased British Taxation of Colonies
The British tried to tax the colonies to gain more silver and gold and to pay for their war debt from the Seven Years War (French and Indian War).
Grenville imposed the Stamp Act in 1765 after facing backlash from the colonists from the previous two acts.
This act raised revenues to support the new military force and it mandated the use of stamped paper or the a xing required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents (playing cards, newspapers, marriage licenses, etc.)
The British people had had a heavier stamp tax for two generations before, so they thought that the tax in the colonies was reasonable.
Americans were angry because they thought that only their own elected colonial legislatures could tax them, not Britain. Britain said that the colonies were “virtually represented” in parliament.
Colonists said “no taxation without representation” and this was important to them.
Stamp Act
The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies, in New York City.
The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and wanted the Parliament and king to repeal the legislation. It boosted colonial unity.
There was the adoption of nonimportation agreements against British goods (boycotting), so homespun woolen garments were made by Americans.
There were slight changes in the colonies so that they could make their own goods and not have to rely on Britain for everything. This spontaneously united the American people.
American men and women had new opportunities to participate in colonial protests and the support for non importation spread. Petitions were signed and colonists swore that they would uphold the boycott plan.
Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts
Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party with a series of acts in 1774, specifically designed to punish Boston.
The Boston Port Act closed the harbor until damages were paid and the “Intolerable Acts” caused chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts to be swept away. Restrictions were placed on town meetings also.
A new Quartering Act gave local authorities to power lodge British soldiers anywhere and the Quebec Act allowed conquered French subjects in Canada to practice their Catholic religion and keep old customs along with the extension of the old boundaries of the province of Quebec all the way to the Ohio River valley. The area became more Roman Catholic instead of Protestant.
When the Boston Port Act went into e ect, nearby colonies sent food to the colony to help. Rice was shipped from South Carolina (unification of colonies shown).
Continental Congress
In responses to the “Intolerable Acts,” The Continental Congress was summoned in 1774.
It met in Philadelphia and redressed colonial grievances. 12/13 colonies (Georgia not there) sent 50 men (Sam Adams, both Adams, Washington, Patrick Henry, etc.)
The First Continental Congress went on for seven week (Sept 5 to Oct 26, 1774) and John Adams was influential.
The Congress made the Declaration of Rights And solemn appeals to other British American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.
They created The Association which called for a complete boycott of British goods (non importation, non exportation, nonconsumption).
Parliament rejected petitions.
During the American Revolution they were unwilling to raise anew the explosive issue of tax, so they printed “Continental” paper money in great amounts--inflation occurred and the money was basically worthless.
Second one: had all 13 colonies there
There was no well-defined sentiment for independence, people just wanted the fighting to continue so that the king and Parliament would redress grievances. Delegates adopted measures to raise money and create an army and a navy. The congress selected George Washington to lead the army in Boston. Washington was a Virginia planter with great leadership skills and strength of character. He was a great moral force and a symbol and rallying point.
Sons & Daughters of Liberty
The Sons and Daughters of Liberty took the laws into their own hands and they were violent.
They enforced nonimportation agreements against violators and tarred and feathered them as a punishment. They had the slogan, “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps.”
By the time the new act was to go into e ect, the stamp agents resigned so nobody was there to sell the stamps and the law was nullified. Many people in Britain, like the laborers were thrown out of work and they were so impacted that they repealed the Stamp Act.
Common Sense
Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense which was an influential pamphlet that became a bestseller within a few months of it being published.
He asked questions that other people would probably be thinking, so it was more relatable for Americans than other pieces of writing during that time.
One of his famous questions was, “Why should a tiny island of Britain control the vast continent of America.”
His ideas called for independence and the creation of a new society (a republic) where power came from the people instead of a monarch, like a king.
He wrote Common Sense using language that common people could understand and he also rallied the support of the people by saying that all government o cials, not just representatives in a house of commons, should get their authority from popular consent.
People would need to sacrifice their self-interest for the public good because the collective good of the people mattered more. He wanted everyone to view America as a fertile ground that was fertile for cultivation of citizen virtue.
Advantages of colonies & Britain in Revolutionary War
America:
European allies
Fighting at home
Fighting for the cause of independence
Britain:
Well trained army
Superior navy
Native american support and hired “hessians”
Ideas of Republicanism
Colonists believed in the idea of a republic in which they could govern themselves, tax themselves, and rule with their own government
Defend the republic that the US would become without British rule
Patriots vs. Loyalists
The British government were the ones ruling over the colonists in America and put harsh acts upon them.
The Loyalists only made up 16 percent of colonial America and they were loyal to the king in England. The Moderates were those who were not on either side and did not want to participate in the war.
The Patriots were the rebellion who were against the British government and wanted to be independent as their own nation.
Declaration of Independence
The purpose of the Declaration of Independence when signed in July 4th of 1776 was for the colonists to secede from the British.
It was a way for the British to recognize that their tyranny as the colonists say was going to end and that they were willing to fight for it.
The 3 parts of the Declaration include the statement of rights, charges against the king, and denunciation of the British people.
The first part included that all men were equal, had certain unalienable rights, and life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
The second part included calling out the king for making them su er and be a tyrant such as taking out their own people.
Finally, the last part included themselves free from the British people and decided they were going to have their own government and nation.
Battles: Trenton, Saratoga, & Yorktown
The major battles in Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown were all turning points in the American Revolution.
On December 26 of 1776 was the Battle of Trenton crossed the Delaware River with his troops and sneak attacked the Hessians to give them huge momentum in the war.
The Battle of Saratoga was a decisive battle for the colonists when the British general Burgoyne surrendered on October 17th of 1777 when trapped by the colonists.
Finally, the Battle of Yorktown was the final blow for the British on October 19, 1781 when the British were trapped on land and sea. That final battle basically gave the colonists the win for the war.
Abigail Adams
Wife of president John Adams who influenced many of his actions
Instructed John to “remember the ladies” as she wanted equality for women
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were a document that was able to be considered their first try as a Constitution in 1777 and was ratified by all 13 states in 1781.
The document included laws and the way the government would work.
It seemed as if they were a more loose nation because of the lack of an executive branch and a strong central government.
This document was better for the war times but since they were over, it proved to be weak.
The states had control of taxation and federal government had to get money from states to actually work.
The major problem was not uniting everyone as a nation but dividing into states. This is why they dropped the Articles of Confederation in 1789 only lasting 8 years.
Debates and compromises during the Constitutional Convention
Economically, the members of the Constitutional Convention agreed: they demanded sound money and the protection of private property
Politically, they were in basic agreement; they favored a stronger government, with three branches and with checks and balances among them
Critics called it a “triple-headed monster.’’
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists most disagreed upon what issue of how much power should be given to the central government
The Constitution was meant to be a broad document. It grew out of common law, in which it is unnecessary to be specific about every possible detail.
Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention.
Compromises:
The "large-state plan"- state's representation in Congress should be based upon the state's population. proposed by Virginia and was the first suggested framework of the Constitution
New Jersey presented the "small-state plan. "- centered on equal representation in Congress without regards to a state's size or population.
A "Great Compromise" was eventually agreed upon which called for representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation in the Senate.Each state would have 2 senators The new Constitution also called for a President.
Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the "three-fifths compromise" was created.
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a proposal of how to govern the Northwest territory of the United States.
It was a way to handle this area as they would have to submit to the federal government until they reached a population of 60,000 people.
At that point, they were able to become a state if Congress allowed. They handled it like this in order to avoid a second American Revolution from happening.
Shays’ Rebellion
An uprising in Massachusetts in 1786, what triggered the Shay’s Rebellion were poor farmers losing their land from mortgage closures and tax delinquencies.
Their riot led Massachusetts to pass debtor-relief laws and America to consider if a stronger central government was needed. This was one of the reasons to help the poorer who were treated unfairly by creditors.
Hamilton’s economic policies
ALEXANDER HAMILTON believed in increased power of the federal government, including increased control over trade and the economy.
This meant establishing a private Bank of The United States, which would support economic growth, and allow for issuing bonds, storing revenue for the government, and issuing paper money → “chartering of the banks by congress” His policy also included tari s to protect domestic goods, and excise taxes to raise revenue to pay back debts. He also believed that the federal government should absorb all the debt of the individual states that they had accrued from the war and trade regulations.
OPPOSITION: argued that the increased power of the federal government would be counter to the ideas of state’s rights that were the reason for rebelling against Britain.
They wanted decreased taxes and an economy that was regulated by individual/state
Je erson, who alerted Washington that the program was unconstitutional → result was that Je erson could paint Hamilton as an elitist defender of the social order and an admirer of Britain.
Against washington’s farewell address
The emergence of political parties
Hamiltonian Federalist: Ruled by wealthy class, strong federal government, emphasis on manufacturing, loose interpretation of the constitution, British alliance, National bank, protective tari s, didn’t think bill of rights was necessary, support largely in urban areas, wouldn’t ratify constitution unless bill of rights (favored the articles of constitution), support largely in rural areas
Key people: alexander hamilton, james madison (becomes anti-federalist), john jay
Je ersonian Democratic-Republican: Rule by the people, strong state government, emphasis on agriculture, strict interpretation of the constitution, French alliance, state banks, free trade
Key people: patrick henry, george mason
The Bill of Rights
Intentions: give rights to the citizens of the United States, Anti-Federalists were in support because as a group they opposed a strong central government, and the Bill of Rights advocated for individual rights.
Guarantees: (10 Amendments)
Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition
Right to bear arms
Housing soldiers is NOT mandatory
Protection against unreasonable searches (warrants necessary)
Rights of the accused (“plead the 5th”)
“Rights of persons on trial for crimes”
“Jury trials in civil cases”
“Limitations on bail and punishments”
“Rights kept by the people”
“Powers kept by the states or the people
Whiskey Rebellion
Why it occurred: Protest of a tari and excise tax (on Whiskey) because people (mainly small farmers) in the South felt they had to pay an unnecessary extra amount for products they used in daily life
Response: Washington summoned the militia of several states to calm down the rebellion. This substantially strengthened Washington’s government, gaining it a new respect.
Washington’s Farewell
Washington, exhausted by the ongoing controversy in the country he was governing, decided to retire.
In his Farewell Address
Washington strongly advised to avoid permanent alliances, and instead forge temporary ones
avoid getting involved in overseas foreign a airs no political parties would form as it would cause unnecessary arguing.
Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien Acts
lengthened the time needed to become an American citizen
The Federalist (Hamilton) government mostly targeted the pro-Je ersonian “aliens” raised the residence requirements for aliens → they had to live in America for 14 years instead of 5 years in order to become citizens
The president was also granted the authority to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace, and deport or imprison them during times of hostilities. Though this law was never enforced, it still gave the executive government a lot of power.
Sedition Acts
made so that people who falsely defamed the government o cials or impeded the policies of the government faced a large fine and imprisonment
Though it violated the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, the Federalists believed that it was justified.
Many Je ersonian editors were indicted under this new law, and 10 of them were put on trial with prejudiced (biased) Federalist judges.
These laws were unconstitutional and took away the rights of the people. imposed by the Federalist in order to prevent free speech and take away power from the Je ersonians, who were their adversaries.
The purpose of the Alien act was to lengthen the time needed to become an American citizen. The Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government, and it could lead to jail time for anyone.
“Revolution of 1800”
Federalist to democratic republican party
John Adams (Federalist) transferred power to Je erson (democratic republican) in peaceful manner. Election went to the House of Representatives.
Adams didn’t win because he didn’t support the war with France and alien and sedition acts
The Marshall Court & judicial review
Marbury vs Madison: established principle of judicial review which is the idea that the supreme court has final authority to determine constitutionality
John Marshall was appointed by Adams to the Supreme Court as a fourth choice in the dying days of his term.
After serving at Valley Forge during the Revolution, it made him a lifelong Federalist, committed above all else to strengthening the power of the federal government.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon spontaneously sold all of the Louisiana territory to the United States because he failed to conquer Santo Domingo, so his hope of colonization was crushed, as well as the idea that Louisiana was supposed to serve as a source of foodstu s for Santo Domingo.
He also sold this property because he was about to end the conflict with Britain, and didn’t want to give up the land to them. This purchase caused conflict for Thomas Je erson because it was controversial to his Democratic-Republican ideals because the Constitution doesn’t say anything about a president purchasing a large plot of land that more than double the size of the U.S.
Embargo of 1807-1809
forbade exports of all goods from US which was Je erson’s idea of “peaceful coercion.”
It hurt the US economy and passed because of Chesapeake a air and impressment.
Debates over strict and loose constructionism
Hamiltonian Federalist support loose interpretation of the constitution
Hamilton contended for a “loose’’ or “broad’’ interpretation of the Constitution. He and his federalist followers thus evolved the theory of “loose construction’’ by invoking the “elastic clause’’ of the Constitution—a precedent for enormous federal powers.
Je ersonian Democratic-Republican support strict interpretation of the constitution ● * The War Hawks were those pushing for war.
They argued for war because they took the impressment of sailors as an a ront to American national honor, but they also complained that Britain's actions were an a ront to free trade, by which they meant America’s ability to trade with Europeans other than Great Britain.
Debates over entering the War of 1812
The vote to declare war was so close because northern states didn’t want to go to war because they relied on trade, whereas, southern and western states (agrarian) wanted expansion to get land for farming and slavery.
Americans were unenthusiastic about declaring war because northern states relied on trade.
E ects of the War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Britain with their allies on issues such as the restriction of trade, Britain’s impressment of American soldiers, and the expansion of American land.
The outcomes happened three years later when Britain and America had signed a treaty to stay peaceful and have not fought since. America or Britain were not able to gain any land within North America. This later led to what is known as the Era of Good Feelings with less partisanship and a higher spirit. The United States’ economy eventually collapsed a few years later but overall led to a better result.
The “American System”
The American System was for the development of arteries of transportation throughout America.
There was a network of roads and canals that were to be built and many goods and materials would be transported through it.
The Democratic-Republicans opposed and Federalists supported this.
The Democratic-Republicans believed that this was unconstitutional to have the federal government to support intrastate improvements throughout the nation while the Federalists felt the exact opposite.
Missouri Compromise
The impact of the Missouri Compromise was huge before it was made.
Missouri wanted to be admitted as a state in the United States but wanted to have slavery legal.
At that time, there was an equal number of slave and free states. States were freaking out until they made a compromise to make Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. caused sectional conflict. Ended by the CORRUPT BARGAIN
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine, written by the 5th president of the United States James Monroe, was written to help avoid to become like the Old World’s government.
He included in it to avoid non-colonization and nonintervention. He wanted to be conservative with foreign policy and be careful who to trust within in the bonds of the government.
With issues in the past with wars like the War of 1812, it was in hopes to help avoid this from happening again.
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onis Treaty was a deal with Spain to break with the land of Florida and Oregon while the United States gave Texas to Spain.
Andrew Jackson helped contribute by punishing the Indians and recapture the runaways in the land. This was able to help the United State with a transition within a new land.
Jackson’s Presidency: Trail of Tears, Bank War & spoils system
Trail of Tears: the path the indians took because of the Indian Removal Act-
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Bank War: Andrew Jackson opposed the power and wealth of the Bank of the US, so he started taking out funds for banks and putting them into “pet banks”. This ended up killing the banks and led to economic problems.
He didn’t trust monopolistic banking and huge businesses.
Nicholas Biddle (bank prez) held great power over the nation’s financial a airs
After the 1832 election, Jackson feared that Biddle would manipulate the Bank to force the recharter. Jackson therefore decided to bury the bank for good by removing federal deposits from its vaults. The death of the Bank of the US left a financial vacuum in the American economy. Surplus federal funds were places in state institutions (pet banks). These banks flooded the economy with paper money, leading to inflation