Mercantilism (SSUSH1a) The founders of the British colonies were greatly influenced by an economic theory known as mercantilism. Mercantilism is an economic concept where the colonies served only to provide raw materials to the English businesses. Then, the English businesses used the raw materials to make finished goods and then sell the finished goods back to the colonist. Consequently, the English and its businesses became stronger and wealthier, and the colonies became poorer and weaker.
Trans-Atlantic Trade (SSUSH1a) Mercantilism also inspired Parliament to control transatlantic trade or Triangular Trade, which connected Europe, Africa and North America (Colonies) All goods shipped to or from British North America had to travel in British ships, and any goods exported to Europe had to land first in Britain to pay British taxes.
Southern Colonies (SSUSH1b) Included: Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia Reason established: Colonist searching for gold and other financial resource Impact of location and place: The location of the Southern Colonies, with the region’s rich soil and long growing season, fostered the development of strong agricultural producing colonies. Relations with American Indians: Relations with American Indians in the Southern Colonies began somewhat as a peaceful coexistence. As more English colonists began to arrive and encroach further into native lands, the relationship became more violent. Economic development: Economy based on Agricultures, development of cash-crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and cotton)
New England Colonies (SSUSH1c) Included: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire Reason established: Puritans settle the colonies for religious reasons Impact of location and place: The poor, thin, rocky soils and a relatively short growing season that made farming difficult. However, plentiful forests and proximity to the sea led New Englanders to eventually develop a thriving ship building industry. Relations with American Indians: The New Englanders did not openly embrace the American Indians but relied on them for help in the difficult early years for survival. As the English population increased, the colonist had conflict with American Indians due to settlement and ownership of land. Economic development: Economy base on trading, small business and fishing industry shipping of goods
Mid-Atlantic Colonies (SSUSH1d) Included: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland Reason established: For religious (religious tolerance) and economic reasons Impact of location and place: The colonies were geographically fortunate to have good harbors and river
The French and Indian War (SSUSH3a) As British colonists moved west into the Ohio Valley, they found themselves fighting French settlers and Native Americans. In 1754, this tension between French and British colonials resulted in the French and Indian War. It was so named because Britain fought the war against France and its Native American allies (some Native Americans helped the British). Native Americans tended to support the French because, as fur traders, the French built forts rather than permanent settlements.
The 1763 Treaty of Paris (SSUSH3a) After nine years of fighting, France, Great Britain, and Spain (a French ally) signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763. France gave up its claims in Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi River. Great Britain now stood alone as the one, true colonial power in eastern North America. Significance of Treaty of Paris (1763): The British claimed they were protecting the Colonist during the War and therefore the Colonist need to repay the British for protection. Colonist and British tension grew when the English Parliament passed laws to tax the colonists to pay for the cost of keeping a large standing army in North America that would protect both Britain’s possessions and the American colonists from attacks.
Proclamation of 1763 (SSUSH3b) Great Britain now possessed vast new territories and felt that it needed to find a way to control them. The first step the colonists found offensive was the king's Proclamation of 1763. The Proclamation of 1763: It forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the territory under British military control. The proclamation was intended to manage Britain's new territories and ensure peace with Native Americans.
The Stamp Act (SSUSH3b) Beginning in the mid 1760s, Parliament passed a series of laws and taxes that infuriated the Americans. Stamp Act: under this law, the British government taxed nearly all printed material by requiring that it bear a government stamp.
The Intolerable Acts (SSUSH3b) The Intolerable Acts led to the quartering of troops and closed the port of Boston as punishment for the Boston Tea Party. Colonists called for the First Continental Congress to protest these actions and formed colonial militias to resist enforcement of these acts.
Sons Liberty (SSUSH3b) Daughters of Liberty (SSUSH3b) Daughters of Liberty helped colonist boycott against the British by using their skills to weave fabric and other products that were usually bought from Britain Significance of Valley Forge the army faced problems with housing, food, clothing, disease and cold weather. Yet, Washington with the help of Baron von Steuben was able to turn the Continental Army into a stronger military force.
Significant Battles of the American Revolution (SSUSH4d) Battle of Trenton (SSUSH4d) In the Battle of Trenton: Washington made what seemed to be an impossible Crossing of the Delaware River to defeat the British in the Battle of Trenton. The Battle of Trenton in New Jersey greatly lifted American morale and gave people hope that, perhaps, the revolution could actually succeed.
Battle of Saratoga (SSUSH4d) The British plan to defeat the rebellious Americans was to drive a wedge between New England and the rest of the colonies. British troops are trapped in the forest of New York and are forced to wait for British reinforcements. Major Points of the Battle of Saratoga This Battle of Saratoga considered a turning point in the American Revolution because it signaled to France that the Americans had a chance of winning.
Battle of Yorktown (SSUSH4d) Britain’s plan to counter the French–American alliance was to have General Charles Cornwallis move the war to the southern states to try to separate those colonies from revolutionary forces in the North. At the Battle of Yorktown, the British forces were attacked by the combined French and American armies and a French fleet. Cut-off from any reinforcements, Cornwallis was forced to surrender, and the American Revolution came to an end in North America.
The Roles of Women (SSUSH4e) Women were known as “camp followers” and would wash, sew, cook, and nurse the wounded and sick in camp. Other women served as spies for the Continental Army.
The Roles of American Indians (SSUSH4e) Significance of Americans Indians: They used their knowledge of the land to help spy for Continental Army. Most of the western American Indians sided with the British in an effort to try to prevent further settlement in the region by American colonists- as was the policy of the British Proclamation of 1763.
The Roles of Free Blacks (SSUSH4e) Enslaved and free Blacks viewed the American Revolution as an opportunity for expanding their own rights with the basis for revolution being a call to protect natural rights. However, those who fought with the Continental Army and with the colonial militia groups did not receive their freedom following the conclusion of the Revolutionary War.
The Treaty of Paris, 1783 (SSUSH4f) The Key Compromises of the Constitution (SSUSH5c) The Great Compromise (SSUSH5c) One great issue facing the delegates to the Constitutional Convention was how different sized states could have equal representation in the new government. States with large populations supported the Virginia Plan. This plan created a legislative branch in which representatives were assigned based on each state’s population (Today: California has 55 representative, Georgia has 16 representatives). States with smaller populations supported a New Jersey Plan. This plan created a legislative branch in which all states were equally represented (2 representatives for each state). Delegates to the Constitutional Convention settled the issue of representation in Congress by approving the Great Compromise. The Great Compromise called for the creation of a legislature with two chambers (Bicameral): a House of Representatives, with representation based on population, and a Senate, with equal representation for all states.
Three-Fifths Compromise (SSUSH5c) Though slavery existed in all the states, southern states depended on slave labor because their economies were based on producing cash crops. When it became clear that states with large populations might have more representatives in the new national government, states with large slave populations demanded to be allowed to count their slaves as a part of their population. Northern states resisted. Both sides compromised by creating the Three-Fifth Compromise. The Significance of the Three-Fifth Compromise: Gave the South Representation they shouldn’t have or their population didn’t allow.
The Key Features of the Constitution (SSUSH5c) Limited Government (SSUSH5c) Significance of Limited Government: The Founding Father wanted to create a Constitution that limited the power of government. Examples of Limited Government: The Bill of Rights, Federalism, Checks and Balances.
Federalism (SSUSH5c) Checks and Balances (SSUSH5c) Separation of Power (SSUSH5c) Separation of Powers was created by French political thinker Charles de Montesquieu. Separation of Powers limits the federal government’s power by creating a legislative, executive, and judicial branch of government.
Federalists often used the Alien and Sedition Acts to silence immigrant critics (usually Democratic-Republicans). Immigrants who had been in the country for only a short time were usually poorer and often drawn to the Democratic-Republicans who represented the "common man."
Election of 1800 (SSUSH6b) Presidential election of 1800, John Adams Sedition Act lost him the election to Democrats-Republican-Thomas Jefferson. Central issues included the Sedition acts, by which Federalists were trying to stifle dissent, especially by Democratic-Republican newspaper editors. The Election of 1800 helped usher in generation of Democratic-Republican control of the Executive Branch.
Louisiana Purchase (SSUSH6c) In the early 1800s, President Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of the important port city of New Orleans. Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase: He was unsure if the Constitution gave him the authority to purchase the Louisiana Territory. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was the United States' largest land purchase, roughly doubling the country's size. France and Napoleon controlled New Orleans and much of the land west of the Mississippi River. In 1803, Napoleon agreed to sell to the United States not only New Orleans but also the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million.
Lewis and Clark (SSUSH6c) War of 1812 (SSUSH6d) Increase National Identity (SSUSH6d) Perhaps most importantly, the War of 1812 helped produce a stronger sense of nationalism (pride in one’s country) among US citizens. People felt a great deal of pride after standing up to the mighty British again.
Monroe Doctrine (SSUSH6e) In 1823, President James Monroe created the Monroe Doctrine and defined U.S. foreign policy in the Americas (North and South America). Significance of Monroe Doctrine announced that the United States would prevent European nations from interfering with independent American countries. Further, if European wars broke out in the America, the United States would view the wars as hostile actions against the United States.
Influences of the Second Great Awakening (SSUSH7c) A number of social reform movements began during the 1800s. These movements were called the Second Great Awakening, challenged traditional authority and unified the colonist to reform society. The Significance of the Second Great Awakening: Showed the impact people and reform groups can have on the federal government. Three Second Great Awakening Movements Temperance movement (SSUSH7c) Issue: People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol should be outlawed altogether. Impact: This movement increased the size of Protestant religious organizations. Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement.
Public school movement (SSUSH7c) Issue: All children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers. Impact: This movement established education as a right for all children and as a state and local issue it improved the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers.
Women’s Movement (SSUSH7c) Women did not have the right to vote (suffrage) and often lacked legal custody of their own children in the early 1800s. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an outspoken advocate for women’s full rights of citizenship, including voting rights and parental and custody rights. In 1848, she organized the Seneca Falls Conference––America’s first women’s rights convention––in New York. This marked the beginning of organized efforts by women in the United States to gain civil rights equal to those of men.
Nat Turner’s Rebellions (SSUSH7c) African American preacher Nat Turner believed his mission was to free his people from slavery. Nat Turner’s Rebellion: a violent slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations and they killed 60 whites. Turner was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such slave uprisings, white leaders passed new laws limit the rights of slaves.
Rise of the Abolitionist Movement (SSUSH7c) The Missouri Compromise (SSUSH8a) After the Louisiana Purchase, a debate raged in Congress over Missouri's application for statehood. Slave states and free-states were equally represented in the Senate, and Missouri's admission would disrupt the balance of power.
The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there. Three Causes of Sectionalism: Northwest Ordinance, Mexican-American-War, and Compromise of 1850
Causes of the Civil War (SSUSH8e) Kansas-Nebraska Act (SSUSH8e) In 1854, Congress again took up the issue of slavery. The Kansas- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and was approved by Congress Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty (rule by the people) the right to decide for themselves whether their state would be a free or a slave state. Pro- and antislavery groups moved to Kansas to support their political views. Popular sovereignty eventually failed and led to Bleeding Kansas a violent or warlike battle between pro and antislavery groups.
Scott v. Sanford (SSUSH8e) In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Scott v. Sanford decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free-states. The Three Impacts of the Scott v. Sanford Decision African Americans have no right to sue, not U.S. citizen Congress can’t rule slavery unconstitutional in any U.S. Territory Popular sovereignty was unconstitutional
The Dred Scott decision gave slavery protection under the Constitution.
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (SSUSH8e) John Brown, a white abolitionist, decided to fight slavery with violence and killing. John Brown’s Raid: on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. To take over weapons and start a slave rebellion in the South. Brown raid failed and he was convicted of treason against the state of Virginia and executed by hanging. Southerners thought Brown was a terrorist. Northerners thought he was an abolitionist martyr.
The Election of 1860 (SSUSH8e) By the time of the presidential election of 1860, the country was at a boiling point regarding slavery. The southern states feared that Lincoln would seek not only to prevent slavery in the new territories, but to dismantle it in the South as well. The Significance of the Election of 1860: When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding (withdrawing) from the Union on December 20, 1860. Within two months, six other states had seceded as well: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana and Texas.
Economic Disparity between the North and South (SSUSH9a) From the start, the Confederacy was at a serious disadvantage. The southern economies had less population, food production and weapon production the northern states The northern economies had better railroads to transport resources and troops to the front lines of the war.
Significant Battle of the Civil War (SSUSH9d) Fort Sumter (April 1861) Confederate forces staged a 24-hour bombardment against a federal fort in South Carolina and, by attacking federal property, had committed an act of open rebellion. President Lincoln believed he had no choice but to call for troops to respond against the Confederacy Significance of Fort Sumter: The Battle of Fort Sumter was the beginning of the Civil War.
Battle of Antietam (September 1862) First major battle on northern soil Lincoln considered the battle a win for the North Significance of Battle of Antietam: Encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, gave Northerners a moral reason to fight.
Battle of Vicksburg (May-July 1863) North lay siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to gained control of the Mississippi River. Significance of Battle of Vicksburg: Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy and North gains control of Mississippi River.
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The South hoped that an invasion of Union territory would significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort. Significance of Battle of Gettysburg: A major Southern victory on northern soil might also convince Great Britain and France to aid Confederate forces.
Gettysburg Addresses Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address helped shape popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union. He spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered one of the greatest speeches in the English language. “Four score and seven years ago.” His address helped raise the spirits of Northerners who had grown weary of the war and convinced the people that the United States was one indivisible nation. Significance of Gettysburg Address: South losses battle, South gives up attempts to invade the North, and Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address.
Battle of Atlanta (July-September 1864) North tries to capture Atlanta for its manufacturing and railway traffic. Significance of Battle of Atlanta: Example of Grant and Sherman use total war to end Civil War. Sherman’s March to the Sea: destroys the railways, roads, and bridges along the path to the sea (Savannah). Now the South knows it would lose the Civil War.
Presidential Reconstruction (SSUSH10a) Now that the Union had been preserved, Lincoln introduced a plan for Reconstruction (rebuilding) of the South rather than punishing the South. Policies of Presidential Reconstruction: Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were pardoned (forgiven of any crimes against the US). Former Confederate states could hold constitutional conventions to set up state governments. States had to void (cancel) secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Once the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, states could then hold elections and be part of the Union.
Such restrictions allowed whites to continue to control and profit from the labor of African Americans even though slavery did not technically exist. Some Confederate supporters, such as the Ku Klux Klan even advocated violence against freed blacks. The Ku Klux Klan used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate blacks and those who favored giving African Americans equal rights.
The Presidential Election of 1876 (SSUSH10d) The election is between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Samuel Tilden wins popular vote and Hayes wins Electoral College, Hayes comes president The Compromise of 1877, helps Rutherford B. Hayes win the Presidential Election of 1876 The Significance of the Compromise of 1877 Southern States agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes electoral votes if he removes federal troops from South. North gets Hayes to become president Unofficially Compromise of 1877,ends Reconstruction and makes many people wonder why the Civil War was fought.
The Impact of Railroads (SSUSH11a) Railroad construction dramatically increased after the Civil War. In fact, the United States went from having 35,000 miles of track in 1865 to over 193,000 miles of track by 1900. Railroads connected vast regions of the United States and allowed for the efficient transport of goods. The geographic connections railroads allowed created a national market. The mass production and distribution of items created larger corporations and enormous profits. The Significance of Railroads: of the increase in railroad production other industries such as steel and oil grew at exponential rates.
The Significance of John D. Rockefeller (SSUSH11b) The most famous big business of the era was the Standard Oil Company, founded by John D. Rockefeller. Significance of John D. Rockefeller: Used the concepts of trust and monopoly to control more than 90% of America’s oil industry. Trust: where several companies give one company the right to make financial decisions for them. Monopoly: a single company that controlled virtually all the U.S. oil production and distribution.
The Significance of Andrew Carnegie (SSUSH11b) Another successful big business owner of the late 19th century was Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Steel Company used the latest technology of the Bessemer process to forge steel more efficiently. Significance of Andrew Carnegie: Wasn’t known for buying companies and undercutting prices, but for vertical monopolies The increased production of steel and the use of vertical monopolies allowed Andrew Carnegie to amass the first billion dollar company. Vertical monopoly: The controlled the entire production process from resource to finished product, which included mining the raw materials, industrial production of steel, and transportation for both resources and finished products. Significance of Labor Unions used strikes (work stoppages) to convince employers to give workers shorter workdays, better working conditions, higher wages, and greater control over how they carried out their workplace responsibilities.
Transcontinental Railroad (SSUSH12a) Start of the Transcontinental Railroad: People start buying land out west and business are granted land out west to encourage the building of railroads. Railroads made life out west possible by allowing farmers, ranchers, and other settlers’ access to eastern markets and resources. In 1862, Congress coordinated an effort among the railroad companies to build a Transcontinental Railroad. Union Pacific (an eastern rail company) and Central Pacific (a rail company from Sacramento, California) joined their tracks at Promontory, Utah, in 1869. Significance of Transcontinental Railroad: As a symbol of the completion of Manifest Destiny (Westward Expansion)
Construction of the Railroad To build the Transcontinental Railroad businesses use thousands of immigrant laborers from Ireland and China. These immigrants often worked under very dangerous conditions. Laying railroad track could cause injury or even death.
Growth of the Western Population (SSUSH12b) Many settlers moved west intending to be farmers. Meanwhile, a number of technological advances made western farming possible. Two Western Farming Technologies John Deere's steel plow allowed farmers to plant crops in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut through the tough prairie sod. Barbed wire made it possible for farmers to cheaply and efficiently fence in their land and livestock.
Plains Indian’s Resistance to Western Expansion (SSUSH12c) As settlers and railroads ventured further west, The Plains Indians chose to accept being moved off of their land. While Sioux Indians were being removed for their land, they were surrounded by the U.S. Army. A brutal massacre followed, in which it’s estimated 150 Indians were killed (some historians put this number at twice as high), nearly half of them women and children. The cavalry lost 25 men. The conflict (Massacre) at Wounded Knee was originally referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and avoidable massacre. Wounded Knee makes the end of the Plains Indians resistance to Westward Expansion Significance of Plains Indian’s Resistance: Indians are rounded up and moved go reservations.
In addition, workdays tended to run from sunrise to sundown and usually involved dangerous conditions. Many progressives called for shorter workdays, higher wages, and safer work environments for employees. Significance of Progressive Labor Laws: Reformers succeeded in convincing a number of states to pass minimum age laws.
The Conservation Movement (SSUSH13d) Theodore Roosevelt supported the conservation movement. The Significance of the Conservation Movement: Helped save millions of acres of wilderness land and created the national park system Examples: Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon
American Imperialism (SSUSH14a) Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a growing number of citizens believed that the United States needed to look beyond its own borders and acquire more territory, such an attitude is known as imperialism. Reasons for American Imperialism To increase the U.S.’s economic and military interests in Southwest Asia and Americas. Needed more resources (raw materials) It was Americas destiny to take over other countries
The Spanish-American War (SSUSH14a) Reason: Spain refused to grant independence to rebels fighting in Cuba and sinking of the battle ship Maine. Result: Cuba becomes independent country and the U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
The Debate over American Imperialism (SSUSH14a) Yet, while more and more US citizens were advocating imperialism, the anti-imperialist preached isolationism. Significance of Anti-Imperialist: They believed that it was not in the best interest of the United States to acquire and exercise control over foreign territories. They felt that such acquisitions would inevitably pull the US into foreign conflicts.
U.S. Involvement in Latin America (SSUSH14b) The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (SSUSH14b) Reason: Latin American governments were unstable and owed large amounts of money to European countries. U.S. feared that European countries would control Latin and South American governments. Significance of the Roosevelt Corollary (addition to Monroe Doctrine) announced to the world that the United States would exercise international policing power in the Western Hemisphere in order to protect its interests in the area.
Panama Canal (SSUSH14b) The U.S. helps Panama gain its independence from Columbia in order to build the Panama Canal. U.S. Government wants to build a shipping canal across the country of Panama. Significance of Panama Canal: To create a faster sea route that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and enforce the Roosevelt Corollary.
In 1919, the communist party led by the Bolsheviks overthrew the czar in Russia, established the Soviet Union, and called for a worldwide revolution to destroy capitalism, people in the United States began to fear communists. This fear of the spread of communism was called the Red Scare because red was the color of the communist flag. Significance of Red Scare: Leads to U.S. government’s pursuit of suspected communists and socialist.
Three Results of the Red Scare (SSUSH16a) The Impact of the Eighteenth Amendment (SSUSH16b) Reason: Americans’ anti-German feelings led to a campaign to outlaw beer and other alcoholic beverages. Result: 18th Amendment (Prohibition) which prohibited “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.” Significance of 18th Amendment: Led to an increase in crime and other social problems–to the contrary, it led to a rise in organized crime
The Impact of the Nineteenth Amendment (SSUSH16b) Reason: Women had supported their country during WWI by taking jobs in factories. Result: 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Significance of 19th Amendment: Women’s voting rights are improved, but they also wanted income equality
Henry Ford and the Automobile (SSUSH16c) Advertising: Helps Americans businesses move away from mass production and towards consumerism. People began to see themselves as "needing" certain items of convenience rather than simply "wanting" them. Henry Ford develops the assembly line which lead to the mass production of cars The mass production of cars helped lower the price of cars (everyone wants a car)
Impact of Radio and the Movies on American Culture (SSUSH16d) Significance of Radios: the first source of free mass communication and entertainment available to people in their own homes. Radio united the nation and molded a national culture like never before as people across the country enjoyed the same shows and heard the same news reports. During this same period, the movie industry boomed in the United States. First to silent pictures, then to movies with sound (called "talkies"), people flocked to be entertained by the big screen. Significance of Movies: The fashions and lifestyles portrayed in the movies helped define a national culture.
Modern Forms of Cultural Expression (SSUSH16e) The Harlem Renaissance (SSUSH16e) Great Migration increased the African American population in Northern cities Harlem Renaissance marked the first significant artistic movement coming out of Black culture. One of the most significant Second New Deal programs was the Social Security Act
Three Impacts of the Social Security Act (SSUSH18b) Old-age insurance for retirees aged 65 or older Unemployment compensation paid by a federal tax on employers and administered by the states Aid for the disabled and for families with dependent children paid by the federal government and administered by the states
Roosevelt’s Political Challenges (SSUSH18c) Opponents of the New Deal came from all parts of the political spectrum. Roosevelt is denied entry into World War II To prevent Roosevelt from entering WWII, Congress passes the Neutrality Acts. FDR’s Neutrality Acts make it illegal to sell arms or make loans to nations at war.
FDR’s Court-Packing bill (Judiciary Reorganization Bill) The bill was a law Roosevelt proposed to give presidents the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 ½. Roosevelt wanted to add more of his supporters to the Supreme Court to pass his New Deal programs Congress denies Roosevelt’s because his bill would weaken the idea of checks and balances.
Eleanor Roosevelt and the Role of the First Lady (SSUSH18d) President Roosevelt’s wife, Eleanor, was very influential in her own right. Significance of Eleanor Roosevelt: Held press conferences to address social issue and the critics of FDR. She was interested in humanitarian causes and social progress As a supporter of women’s activism, she was also instrumental in convincing Roosevelt to appoint more women to government positions.
World War II Lend-Lease Act (SSUSH19a) The Neutrality Acts made it illegal to sell weapons to countries at war. FDR and U.S. supports creation of Lend-Lease Act. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. lend military equipment and supplies to any nation the president said was vital to the defense of the United States. United States lends $50 billion worth of equipment and supplies to Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China.
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (SSUSH19a) Japanese surprise attack on the United States Over 2,400 Americans were killed Significance of Pearl Harbor: United States officially enters World War II
The European Theater D-Day (SSUSH19c) Roosevelt’s use of Executive Powers Integration of Defense Industries (SSUSH19e) In 1941, A. Philip Randolph, the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, proposed a march on Washington, D.C., to protest discrimination in the military and in industry. He called on African Americans from all over the United States to come to Washington and join him. President Roosevelt, afraid the march might cause unrest among whites, summoned Randolph to the White House and asked him to call off the march. When Randolph refused, FDR’s Executive Order 8802 called on employers and labor unions to cease discrimination in hiring practices in industries related to defense. As a result of Roosevelt’s actions, the march was canceled.
Internment of Japanese-Americans (SSUSH19e) The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor fueled suspicion and fear among US citizens. Many suspected that Japanese, German, and Italian Americans would end up supporting the Axis Powers. FDR’s Executive Order 9066, forced more than 100,000 Japanese Americans from their homes and businesses during the war and placed them in one of the various camps
The Cold War (SSUSH20a) In 1945, one major war ended and another began. The Cold War: Lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the two main antagonists, the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in the fight.
Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a) Containment (SSUSH20a) Containment Policy: Truman’s U.S. foreign policy to stop the spread of communism Reason for Containment Policy: U.S. responds to USSR causing the Fall of Berlin and take-over of Eastern Europe. U.S. scared that Soviet Union was tried to spread communism throughout the world
The Marshall Plan (SSUSH20a) America’s foreign aid program to rebuild Western Europe and opposing communism after World War II. From 1947 to 1951, the United States spent $13 billion on economic and technical assistance for Western European countries that had been nearly destroyed during World War II. Significance of the Marshall Plan: The plan offered foreign aid to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe if they made political reforms and accept certain outside controls; however, the Soviets rejected this proposal.
The Truman Doctrine (SSUSH20a) Foreign policy named after President Harry S. Truman Significance of Truman Doctrine: The plan said the United States would supply any nation with economic and military aid to prevent its falling under the Soviet sphere of influence. Truman called upon the United States to “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures (Soviet Union).”
The Influence of Sputnik (SSUSH20c) In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite called Sputnik. Americans believed the United States had “fallen behind” the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology. Americans also feared that the Soviet Union could use rockets to launch nuclear weapons Significance of Sputnik: Leads to space race, creation of NASA and U.S. government increases spending on education, especially in mathematics and science.
The Cold War Continued U.S. Involvement in Cuba (SSUSH21a) With U.S. support, Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution in 1956 Later, Castro allied himself and Cuba with the Soviet Union (communism) The U.S. used it’s containment policy to stop the spread of communism in Cuba (90 miles for America)
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba(SSUSH21a) Cuban exiles trained by the U.S attempt to invade communist Cuba Biggest failure of President Kennedy Invasion fails because Kennedy would not us the U.S. military The United States was forced to give $53 million worth of food and supplies to Cuba for release of the 1,200 captives.
Cuban Missile Crisis (SSUSH21a) To stop future invasion of Cuba, the Soviet Union build military missile launch sites in Cuba. American spy planes take photos of a Soviet missile site in Cuba and Kennedy immediately began planning a response. Soviet missiles 90 miles from the U.S. posed a serious threat to American security. Significance of Cuban Missile Crisis: U.S. creates a blockade of Cuba and threatened to invade unless the Soviets promised to withdraw from Cuba. Soviets agree to remove missiles if the U.S. removed its nuclear missiles from Turkey.
The War in Vietnam (SSUSH21a) In early August 1964, two U.S. destroyers stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam radioed that they had been fired upon by North Vietnamese forces. In response to these reported incidents, President Lyndon B. Johnson requested permission from the U.S. Congress to increase the U.S. military presence in Indochina. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia. The Significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Led to the escalation of the Vietnam War (the legal basis for war).
Impact of John F. Kennedy’s Assassination (SSUSH21d) President Kennedy was Assassinated in Dallas, Texas, in November 1963 Significance of JFK’s Assassination: Showed Americans just how strong gov’t was because, although the president could be killed, the U.S. gov’t would live on. (Chain of Command) The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Founder: African American college students (Shaw University) Goal: speed up the changes mandated by Brown v. Board of Education. Tactics: Sit-ins, Freedom rides, registering African Americans to votes, later used violence
Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers (UFW) (SSUSH21d) César Chávez and his United Farm Workers movement, protested for equal rights in the workplace. Chávez believed in nonviolent methods to achieve his goals. Significance of Cesar Chavez: Hispanic American started a nationwide boycott of California grapes and lettuce, forcing farmers to negotiate a contract with the United Farm Workers in 1970. This contract gave farm workers higher wages and other benefits for which they had been protesting through the sixties.
Four Social and Political Issues of 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (SSUSH21e) One week after King’s death, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prevented discrimination in housing. Caused riots in over 100 cities across America
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy (SSUSH21e) The Tet Offensive (SSUSH21e) Caused many Americans turned against the Vietnam War and against the Johnson administration, which had claimed the enemy was near defeat. Surprise attack against American Forces in Vietnam War
The Presidential Election of 1968 (SSUSH21e) Richard Nixon wins Presidency because he runs on the return of law and order. President Johnson decides not to run due to Vietnam War Robert Kennedy was assassinated will running for President
International Policy during the Nixon, Ford and Carter Administrations (SSUSH22a) Richard Nixon Visits China (SSUSH22a) Visited China to seek scientific, cultural and trade agreements Hoped Chinese and the U.S. would become allies against the Soviet Union
End of Vietnam War (SSUSH22a) The President had been given immense unilateral power through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to take any measures he deemed necessary to protect the United States. The Congress had been powerless through much of the Vietnam War to adjust the level of troop commitment to the region because of the Gulf of Tonkin's unlimited provisions. Once the war was over, the Congress passed the War Powers Act in 1973. The War Powers Act: A new policy require the Congress to authorize troop commitments within a certain time frame.
The Collapse of the Soviet Union (SSUSH23a) A foreign policy were Reagan talked the Soviet Union leader (Mikhail Gorbachev) into allowing free speech (glasnost) and freedom of assembly in the U.S.S.R. These policy put the U.S.S.R on the path to a democratic form of government. In a 1987 speech, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to “tear down this wall!” as a symbol of increasing freedom in the U.S.S.R. The Wall fell on Nov. 9th 1989 (symbolic end of Soviet Union)
Ronald Reagans Economic Policy (SSUSH23a) Goal of Reagans Economic Policy: to balance the budget and encourage economic growth. The policy included budget cuts, tax cuts and increased defense spending. Significance of Reagans Economic Policy: Cut taxes on wealthy so they would invest in businesses, but led to cuts in social welfare budgets which hurt lower-income Americans.
Bill Clinton’s Impeachment (SSUSH23a) Clinton became the second president in U.S. history to suffer impeachment. The House of Representatives charged him with perjury and obstruction of justice. The charges were based on accusations of improper use of money from a real estate deal and allegations he had lied under oath about an improper relationship with a White House intern. Significance of Clinton’s Impeachment: He denied the charges and the Senate acquitted him, allowing Clinton to remain in office and finish his second term.
The Attacks of September 11, 2001 and the War on Terrorism (SSUSH23a) George W. Bush’s presidency will always be remembered for al-Qaeda’s attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11). In response, and with overwhelming support of both Congress and the American people, Bush signed a law the next month to allow the U.S. government to hold foreign citizens suspected of being terrorists for up to seven days without charging them with a crime. The PATRIOT ACT: Increased the ability of American law enforcement agencies to search private communications and personal records. The Department of Homeland Security: Created to protect the United States from terrorist attacks and with responding to natural disasters. In October 2001, another of Bush’s responses to the 9/11 terrorist attacks was his authorization of Operation Enduring Freedom, the invasion of Afghanistan by the U.S. military and allied forces. That country’s Taliban government was harboring the al-Qaeda leadership. The allied forces quickly defeated the Taliban government and destroyed the al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan; however, al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escaped. He was later killed by American troops. The invasion of Afghanistan was part of Bush’s larger war against terrorism, for which he built an international coalition to fight the al-Qaeda network and other terrorist groups.
| systems that significantly shaped their trade based economy. However, the Mid-Atlantic Colonies also farmed significant quantities of wheat and corn, similar to the cash crop production of their southern neighbors. Relations with American Indians: The natives who resided there were typically relied upon for trade with the English and not the target of war, as was often the case in the other English colonial regions Economic development: Trading and agriculture based economies
European Cultural Diversity (SSUSH2a) The Mid-Atlantic Colonies were the most diverse because there was no dominant culture. Various European cultures came to be represented in England’s American Colonies Immigrants traveled from Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands, and Germany. Religious immigrants included Protestant sects, Catholicism, Judaism, and Quakerism.
The Middle Passage (SSUSH2b) The Middle Passage: part of the Trans-Atlantic trade route were slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas. Slavery in the Colonies increased due to the growth in tobacco production. Slaves were brought to the Americas on dangerous slaves ships. Once in the Americas slaves were forced to fill the labor roles in the colonies
African American Population (SSUSH2b) African American culture grew as a result of increase in need for unskilled labor. The population had its greatest increase in the Southern Colonies due to the need for unskilled labor in the cash-crop fields such as tobacco.
Cultural Contribution of African Americans (SSUSH2b) There was not one African American culture, slaves represented a large number of different cultures. However, slave on plantations started to develop their own culture Examples of African American culture Architecture: Shotgun House Plan Agriculture: Okra, watermelon, sweet potatoes, Foodways: Methods of cooking such as BBQ
Salutary Neglect (SSUSH2c) Salutary Neglect: British policy that believed the colonies would become more economically productive if they were not restricted by British policies. Led colonies to develop their own governments Early examples of American self-governance are House of Burgess, Mayflower Compact and Town Meetings
The Great Awakening (SSUSH2d) The Great Awakening was a religious revival that encourage colonist to develop their own personal relationship with God. Preachers stressed the power of the individual and to resist the power of the Church of England The Significance of the Great Awakening: Colonist began questioning traditional authority (King & Great Britain). Which leads colonist to rebel against the British government and inspires the American Revolution.
The Committees of Correspondence (SSUSH3b) The Committees of Correspondence were created as a direct response to the Intolerable acts The Committees of Correspondence were the first organization linking the 13 colonies in their opposition to Intolerable. The committee was instrumental in the planning for the First Continental Congress
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (SSUSH3c) In January 1776, patriot philosopher Thomas Paine published Common Sense. The Significance of Common Sense: Paine argued there was no way to compromise with the British and war was inevitable.
The Declaration of Independence (SSUSH4a) They appointed a committee to prepare a Declaration of Independence that would outline the reasons the colonist wanted to separate from British rule The Committee of Five was made up of Thomas Jefferson, John Livingston, Ben Franklin, John Adams and Roger Sherman Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence. Significance of John Locke: He was an enlightenment thinker that influenced the founding fathers during the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Two of Locke’s philosophies Natural Rights: All people have the . Social Contract: If government does not meet the needs of the people, then the people have a right to overthrow the government or break the contract
The French Alliance (SSUSH4b) Provide financial and military assistance during the war. Military Leaders of the American Revolution (SSUSH4c) George Washington (SSUSH4c) When the American Revolution began, George Washington was named commander in chief of the Continental Army. George Washington was able to secure resources and train soldiers to be better than local militias.
Baron von Steuben (SSUSH4c) Baron Friedrich Von Steuben, from Prussia, helped Washington effectively used their time at Valley Forge to train the Continental army. Washington and Steuben started a training program to turn inexperienced recruits into a professional military.
Marquis de LaFayette (SSUSH4c) Valley Forge (SSUSH4c) Valley Forge: Washington and his troops spent the winter of 1777–1778 in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. The troops spent six months at Valley Forge
The Articles of Confederation (SSUSH5a) Following the American Revolution, the newly independent states wanted to limit the power of the central (national or federal) government. They preferred a confederation, in which each state would maintain its sovereignty while being loosely unified as a nation. For this reason, Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation became the first national government in America.
The Strengths in the Articles of Confederation (SSUSH5a) Two of the strengths of this new national government were the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance in 1787. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divide and distribute the land acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution. The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 divided the area into smaller territories and provided guidelines under which new states could be admitted to the union. 4 Benefits of the Northwest Ordinance Banned slavery above the Ohio River Valley, leads to sectionalism (North vs. South) America encouraged westward migration (Manifest Destiny) Made laws for admitting new states into the Union such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Mandated the establishment of public schools in the Northwest Territory
The Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation (SSUSH5b) The Articles of Confederation showed that Americans’ feared a powerful national (Federal or central) government. As a result, the Articles created a government that had The Articles of Confederation resulted in a weak national (Federal or central) government and convinces Americans that then needed a new government.
Daniel Shays Rebellion (SSUSH5b) In Shay’s Rebellion, Daniel Shays led more than a thousand farmers who, like him, were burdened with personal debts caused by economic problems stemming from the Revolutionary War debts. Shays and his men tried to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts. Without the power to tax, America and the Articles of Confederation could not repair the national economy. Significance of Shays’s Rebellion: Americans began to support the establishment of a stronger national (Federal or Central) government.
The Constitution (SSUSH5c) In May of 1787, George Washington was elected president of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where he and the Founding Fathers created the United States Constitution. United States Constitution, the founding fathers develop government with limited powers. (State vs Federal)
Ratification of the Constitution (SSUSH5d) Role of the Federalist (SSUSH5d) The Federalist wanted the Constitution and a strong national (federal or central) government. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and the Federalist wrote The Federalist papers that supported ratification of the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major provisions. James Madison also wrote the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution after it was ratified. Madison also believed federalism should be used as a tool to limit the power of the federal government. The Constitution was eventually ratified and became the basis for all law, rights, and governmental power in the United States
Role of the Anti-Federalist (SSUSH5d) The anti-Federalists and Thomas Jefferson: believed the government created by the Constitution would be too powerful and would eliminate the power of the states. The anti-Federalist argued that they would ratify the Constitution if a Bill of Rights was added.
The Bill of Rights (SSUSH5e) The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the Constitution and they guarantee states’ rights and individuals’ rights. 1st Amend: Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the right to petition the government 9th Amend: Declares that rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people 10th Amend: Declares that powers not given to the national government belong to the states or to the people
George Washington Presidency (SSUSH6a) During George Washington time as the President of the United States, he set many precedents that would shape the role of the President of the United State. Here are examples of a couple of his precedents: Set the rule for two term limits for president Initiated the Farwell Address for presidents Create the cabinet for the executive branch
Farewell Address (SSUSH6a) Washington was the most influential and popular figure in the United States. During Washington’s Farewell Address, he warned citizens about two future political issues He favored non-intervention (Isolationism or Neutrality) in European affairs. He avoided siding with France against Great Britain on political issues. He warned about the dangers of political parties (factions). Example: Federalist vs. anti-Federalist.
John Adam’s Presidency (SSUSH6b) Sedition Act (SSUSH6b) John Adams continued the disagreement between Federalist (Adams) and anti-Federalist (Jefferson) During Adams Presidency, Congress and Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Sedition Act: tried to stop the anti-Federalist criticism with attempts to limit the speech and press rights of Jefferson’s followers. The Alien Act: increased citizenship requirements so that Jefferson could not receive support from the immigrant community.
Andrew Jackson’s Presidency Jacksonian Democracy (SSUSH7a) Significance of Jacksonian Democracy was a political philosophy that showed how the people can impact government. Andrew Jackson believed strongly in western expansion and the rights of white, frontier settlers. Examples of Jacksonian Democracy Nullification Crisis: Wanted a stronger executive branch and a weaker Congress and state governments Expansion of Suffrage: Increased voter participation by allowing all adult white males, not just landowners, to vote. The Indian Removal Act: Under this policy, the US government forced Native Americans off lands it wanted for white settlement. (Trail of Tears)
The Nullification Crisis (SSUSH7a) The Nullification Crisis resulted when southern states sought to nullify (cancel) a high tariff (tax) Congress had passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe. This tariff helped northern manufacturers but hurt southern plantation owners, so legislators nullified the tariff in South Carolina. John C. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice-presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis. His loyalty to the interests of the southern region, or section, of the United States, not to the United States as a whole, contributed to the rise of sectionalism. It also contributed to the development of states’ rights ideology in the South. States’ rights: the idea that states have certain rights and political powers different from those held by the federal government and that the federal government may not violate these rights. The idea of states’ rights had first appeared during the debates of the Constitutional Convention. The idea of states’ rights would become closely tied to the issue of slavery in the South
Henry Clay and the American System (SSUSH7b) After the War of 1812, Americans felt good about themselves. But, Britain still supplied America with most of its good, this hurt American manufacturing Henry Clay, a member of the United States House of Representatives, had a plan to aid American businesses. Henry Clay’s American System and was designed to connect the Northerners economically with the South and West. Three Policies of The American System: A tariff – A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It made European goods more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheaper products made in America. The tariff also made the country money, which would be used to improve things. A National Bank - The establishment of a national bank that would promote a single currency (money), making trade easier. Highways and Canals –These roads and canals would make trade easier between merchants and farmers in the North, South, and West.
This issue was resolved when Congress passed the Missouri Compromise.
Role of James K. Polk (SSUSH8b) Texas Annexation (SSUSH8b) Increasing numbers of American settlers filled the region north of the Rio Grande, particularly in the 1820s and 1830s. This resulted in a successful drive for Texas independence and a push for annexation that soon after the United States recognized the Texas Republic on March 3, 1837.
Oregon (SSUSH8b) James Polk’s 54° 40" or Fight: Motto to encourage westward expansion to Oregon Polk ultimately negotiated with Great Britain concerning Oregon in an attempt to avoid armed conflict over the region. The Oregon territory would be divided and the northern section would remain in Great Britain's possession and the southern section would be annexed by the United States.
The Mexican American War (SSUSH8c) Reason for Mexican-American War: the United States took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the war and the U.S. gains Texas, California, New Mexico and Arizona.
The Mexican War and Sectionalism (SSUSH8c) The land gained during the Mexican-American war leads to an increase in sectionalism. The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called the Wilmot Proviso, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it, and the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.
The Compromise of 1850 (SSUSH8d) Due to land gained during the Mexican-American War and population growth in the West political tensions between free-states and slave states over the extension of slavery continued. Eventually the free-states and slave states agreed to the Compromise of 1850. Three Policies of the Compromise of 1850 The state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas. New Mexico voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. All citizens would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned.
Lincoln’s Emergency Powers (SSUSH9b) Suspension of Habeas Corpus President Lincoln knew he needed to protect the board states that supported the Confederates, in order to preserve the Union. During the war, Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody. The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas corpus during a national emergency (WAR). 13,000 Northern Confederates were held without a trial and without a judge to agree that they were legally imprisoned.
Issuing Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln used his emergency powers again to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which emancipated (freed) all slaves held in the Confederate states. Significance of Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln waited to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, because he needed a major victory in order to improve support for Civil War, also doesn’t want border states to leave the Union. African Americans understood the proclamation announced a new goal for the Union troops––besides preserving the Union, the troops were fighting for the belief that the United States would abolish slavery throughout the nation.
Lincoln’s Addresses (SSUSH9b) Second Inaugural Addresses When Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address, Union victory over the Confederacy was certain, and Americans foresaw an end to slavery. Significance of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address: expressed both his conviction that slavery was evil and his hope of reuniting the nation once the war was over. Lincoln also expressed his sorrow that so many on both sides had suffered and communicated a vision for rebuilding the South rather than punishing it.
Leaders of the Union (SSUSH9c) President: Abraham Lincoln President of United States of America, 1861–1865 Issued Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address
General: Ulysses S. Grant General: William Tecumseh Sherman
Leaders of the Confederacy (SSUSH9c) Lincoln’s Assassination On April 14, 1865, just five days after the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, a Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth assassinated the president as he attended a play at Ford's Theater. Significance of Lincoln's Assassination: Lincoln death made life harder for Southerners because it allowed Congress to enforce hard actions against the South With Lincoln's death, the presidency now fell to Andrew Johnson.
Congressional Reconstruction Conflict quickly arose between Johnson and the Congressional Republicans. The Congressional Republicans were members of the Republican Party who favored a much tougher stance with the former Confederate states. Policies of Congressional Reconstruction: The southern states were put under military rule. Southern states had to hold new constitutional conventions. Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson tries to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton because he was closely tied to the Congressional Republicans. However, such a move violated the Tenure in Office Act, which limited the president's power to hire and fire government officials. Congress voted to impeach (charged with wrongdoing in order to remove from office) the president of the United States. The Significance of Andrew Jackson’s Impeachment: On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted to acquit (innocent or cleared) Johnson's presidency by just one vote.
The Freedmen’s Bureau (SSUSH10b) In an effort to help freed slaves, poor whites and American Indians Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedmen's Bureau). The Significance of the Freedmen's Bureau: Reconnected families separated by slavery and provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and even land to African Americans coming out of slavery. Ended in 1869, however, during its brief time, it helped many slaves transition to freedom throughout the South.
Reconstruction Amendments (SSUSH10c) The 13th Amendment: Ended slavery throughout the United States The 14th Amendment: Guarantees that no one (regardless of race) would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process. The 15th Amendment: All male citizens have the right to vote, 21 years of age The Significance of the Reconstruction Amendments: the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments gave the federal government power over state governments.
Resistance to Racial Equality (SSUSH10d) Technological Innovation (SSUSH11c) Telegraph (SSUSH11c) Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1832. Significance of telegraph machine received coded messages across electric wires connecting long distances, ended the Phony Express. With the development of telegraph technology, business could be more efficiently conducted between industrial centers in the East and their sources for raw materials in the South and West.
Telephone (SSUSH11c) In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell further expanded on the telegraph's capability for instant communication. He invented the telephone, which allowed for voice - to - voice communication over electric wires. As was true for the telegraph, the telephone impacted the United States by allowing instant communication. Significance of telephone, conversations were more efficient and true discussion between individuals in distant locations was made possible.
Electric Light Bulb (SSUSH11c) One of Edison's most revolutionary inventions was the electric light bulb. Significance of Light Bulb: People and businesses could work past daylight, and the light bulb also illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods across the United States. The light bulb was developed in the 1870s and quickly replaced the more dangerous and expensive lamp oils that burned for illumination.
Changes in Immigration Patterns (SSUSH11d) Significance of Ellis and Angel Islands (SSUSH11d) At Ellis Island in New York and Angel Island in San Francisco new immigrants were isolated and forced pass health and welfare tests The new immigrants were mostly poor, so they worked as unskilled laborers and lived mostly in cities. They created communities to imitate the cultures of their home countries (little Italy and china). Significance of Immigration: Most of the new immigrants (Asia and Europe) took jobs in manufacturing and mining.
The Growth of Labor Unions (SSUSH11e) The Growth of unskilled laborers who were subject to low wages, long workdays, no vacations, and unsafe workplaces led to an increase in labor unions. Unskilled laborers decided to band together in labor unions to demand better pay and working conditions. The most famous labor union American Federation of Labor, was led by Samuel Gompers.
The Role of Muckrakers (SSUSH13a) Muckrakers were journalists that investigated and exposed political corruption, child labor, slum conditions, and other social issues. Two famous Muckrakers Jacob Riis Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives Significance of Jacob Riis: Exposed the horrible conditions under which immigrants worked and lived, which led to the passing laws aimed at improving urban tenements.
Upton Sinclair
The Role of Women in Reform Movements. (SSUSH13b) African American Rights (SSUSH13c) Progressive Voting Rights (SSUSH13d) Significance of Progressive Voting Rights: Created reforms that increase citizen’s right to vote and impact the government. Initiative: a means by which a petition signed by a certain number of voters can force a public vote. Referendum: a vote in which the voting population is asked to accept or reject a particular proposal. Recall: a procedure to remove an elected official from office before his or her term has ended. 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators
Progressive Labor Laws (SSUSH13d) Most workers' wages were low. As a result, men, women, and even children often had to work long hours for little pay.
World War I (SSUSH14a) Neutrality (SSUSH14a) Three Reasons U.S. Enters WWI (SSUSH14a) Domestic Impact of World War I (SSUSH14b) The Great Migration (SSUSH14b) Reason: WWI created jobs in northeastern and mid-western cities. Significance of The Great Migration: African Americans moved North for economic reasons (Jobs) and to escape Jim Crow laws. Result: African American create communities (Harlem) in the North.
The Espionage Act (SSUSH14b) Reason: During the war, President Wilson want to silence critics of World War I. Result: The Espionage Act made it a crime to communicate any information that would interfere with U.S. military operations or aid its enemies. Eugene Debs (a famous socialist politician) delivers a speech that claims working class should not support WWI. Debs was convicted for hindering military recruiting by making a speech against it; he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Rise of Socialist Party and the fear of labor unions led to the creation of the Espionage Act.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan (SSUSH14c) Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan Wilson’s League of Nations Creation of the League of Nation, an international peacekeeping organization Wanted to prevent future wars by having countries work together
U.S. Senate and the Fourteen Points Plan The U.S. Senate to refuse to ratify the treaty, because Wilson’s plan would force the U.S. to get involved in future wars Result: The United States never joined the League of Nations
The Rise of Communism and Socialism (SSUSH16a) In the late 1800s and early 1900s, a new political ideology called communism became a popular form of government. Basis of Communism Harlem Renaissance was a rebirth of African American culture in America. Writing, painting, music, dance and more Langston Hughes: Famous Harlem Renaissance poet, wanted young black people to express themselves without fear of being punished.
Origins of Jazz (SSUSH16e) Another form of cultural expression was Jazz. It was the first true form of American music. Louis Armstrong: biggest star of jazz music
The Four Causes of the Great Depression (SSUSH17a) Overproduction: The decrease in consumer spending resulted in business overproducing goods (surplus). Underconsumption: The working class lost the ability to purchase goods because their wages stayed the same as prices rose. Stock Market Speculation: Buying risky stock The Stock Market Crash of 1929: As more people sold their stock, other people panicked and sold their stock as well, driving down their prices and causing a stock market crash.
The Dust Bowl (SSUSH17b) The Dustbowl was a series of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the Great Plains of the United States. Two Factors that led to the Dust Bowl Over-farming: Farmers over plowed fertile grasslands. Climate: In the 1930, the Great Plains experience a great drought.
The Result of the Dust Bowl: was that it forced tens of thousands of families to abandon their farms and migrate west to California
The Social and Political Impact of the Great Depression (SSUSH17c) The Great Depression––a severe economic recession in the 1930s that affected all the industrialized nations profits, business profits, and personal incomes. Two major results of the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Plan (SSUSH18a) Roosevelt’s New Deal Plan were government programs designed to create Relief, Recovery, and Reform for the American Economy. Relief: immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration. Recovery: “Pump-priming” temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand Reform: Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters
Important Programs: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and Civil Conservation Corps (CCC)
The Second New Deal (SSUSH18b) After showing cautious restraint through much of 1934, FDR chose to launch a bold new set of programs that came to be called the Second New Deal. The code name for the first day of Operation Overlord, the mass Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France Allies met heavy resistance in small areas, the invasion went almost exactly according to plan Significance of D-Day: Allied (U.S.) invade Nazi occupied Europe and gain a permanent base to resupply troops and move towards Berlin. U
The Fall of Berlin (SSUSH19c) One of the final battles of the European theater during WWII Soviet army groups attacked Berlin from the east and west Historically one of the bloodiest battles of all time German leader Adolf Hitler committed suicide during battle Significance of the Fall of Berlin: End of war in Europe (V-E Day) and allowed Soviets to take over Eastern Europe.
The Pacific Theater (SSUSH19b) The Battle of Midway Major turning point in the Pacific Theater The U.S. Navy win sea battle against Japanese Navy American wins control of refueling station (Island of Midway) for ships and airplanes U.S. gains geographic control of the Pacific Ocean. Significance of the Battle of Midway: U.S. destroyed Japan’s offensive power and they never recovered.
The Manhattan Project (SSUSH19b) “The Manhattan Project”: was the code name for secret plan to building the atomic bomb was U.S. assembles two atomic bombs in a secret laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico
The Dropping of the Atomic Bombs (SSUSH19b) The U.S. had defeated the Japanese navy in the Pacific Ocean The U.S. feared they would lose millions of people in an invasion of Japan President Truman decides to drop the Atomic bomb on Japan (August 1945) Significance of Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan: V-J Day and end of the World War II (Sept. 2, 1945)
Domestic Impact of World War II War Mobilization (SSUSH19d) After Pearl Harbor, the War at Home begins 5 million men volunteered for military service The Selective Service System: Expanded the draft, and 10 million more men joined the ranks of the American armed forces. The Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps: formed to fill noncombat positions otherwise filled by men. Women at home volunteered to work in plants and factors to build tanks, planes, ships, guns, bullets and boots. Wartime Conservation: leads people to carpool to work and a nation-wide collection of resources (scrap iron, newspapers, cooking grease) The government rationing system was created. Each household received a “c book” with coupons that were used to buy scarce items such as meat, sugar, coffee and gasoline. Eventually, it was the hard work at home that helped America win World War II.
The Korean War (SSUSH20a) In 1950, the U.S. and South Korean went to war against the communist government of North Korea and China The U.S. used the containment policy to justify its attempt to stop the spread of communism in Korea Significance of Korean War: Created the 38th parallel as the border between the nations, neither side could gain control of the Korean peninsula, North and South Korea
Major Domestic Issues The G.I Bill (SSUSH20b) The G.I. Bill of Rights: Reward returning WWII servicemen with education, affordable house and accessible housing. The provisions included giving low interest loans for homes and starting new businesses to former soldiers. Financial grants were also given to the returning soldiers who wanted to attend college. The stimulus of money into housing caused a housing boom characterized by the development of the first suburban housing developments, such as Levittown, New York.
Truman’s Integration the Military (SSUSH20b) McCarthyism (SSUSH20b) Senator Joseph McCarthy’s wanted to stop the spread of communism in the U.S. McCarthy made statements about alleged communist infiltration of the U.S. government and U.S. Army Ultimately McCarthy’s statements violated the rights of many U.S. citizens (even communists) and many of his accusations were wrong. McCarthyism: when someone makes unfair accusations of guilt but he or she uses improper investigative practices to prove the guilt.
National Intestate and Defense Highways Act (SSUSH20b) The baby boom and Levittown’s led to a need for more cars and roads. Congress passed the Interstate Highway Act, authorizing the construction of a national network of highways to connect every major city in America. It was also create as a system of highways for strategic transportation of troops and supplies. Significance of National Interstate and Defense Highways Act: Builds national highways connecting the country economically and militarily.
Brown v. Board of Education (SSUSH20b) Significance of Brown v. Board of Education The governor of Arkansas refused to follow the decision and ordered the National Guard to keep nine African American students from attending Little Rock’s Central High School President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to force the high school to integrate.
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society (SSUSH21d) A series of laws and programs that would later be called President Johnson’s “Great Society” LBJ’s Great Society programs were designed to improve Americans standard of living and give citizens greater opportunities regardless of their background. Three Great Society laws Creation of Headstart/preschool for poor Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (War on Poverty) Medicare: federal funding for the medical cost of the elderly
Impact of Television (SSUSH21c) Kennedy/Nixon Presidential Debates (SSUSH21c) Seventy million people watch the 1960 debate Nixon seems more knowledgeable about foreign policy and other topics, but he looked sick Kennedy was coached on how to look and speak during the debate by television producers TV and Nixon/JFK Debate: Kennedy’s performance on T.V. helped him win the presidency.
The Civil Rights Movement (SSUSH21c) In the 1960’s, T.V. gave all American the chance to see civil rights demonstration TV and Civil Rights: American witnessed African Americans being hit by high pressure fire hoses and attacked by police dogs. Attacks encourage Americans and Kennedy to demand new civil rights laws. (Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965)
War in Vietnam (SSUSH21c) Martin Luther King Jr. (SSUSH21d) MLK’s most famous speech He spoke to over 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Significance of “I have a Dream” speech: King asked for peace and racial harmony.
Two Civil Rights Groups (SSUSH21d) The Camp David Accords (SSUSH22a) The Iran Hostage Crisis (SSUSH22a) Began with the Iranian Revolution The shah (king) of Iran (friendly to Americans) was removed by the new Ayatollah (Muslim Religious Leader) of Iran. Later, the shah seeks medical help from Carter in America Angry Iranians invaded the U.S. embassy in Iran and took 52 Americans captive. Significance of Iranian Hostage Crisis: President Carter responds to the raid of U.S. Embassy in Iran by demanding hostages be released but they were not released. The Iranian hostage crisis lasted 444 days, until the captives were released after the election of Ronald Reagan as president, and it nurtured anti- Americanism among Muslims around the world.
Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (SSUSH22b) In 1962, Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring, exposed Americans to the dangers of pesticides on the environment. As a result of Silent Spring, Nixon creates the Environmental Protection Agency Significance of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): use and conserve resources such as water, to set limits on pollution, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in the cleanup of polluted sites.
Emergence of the National Organization for Women (SSUSH22b) The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 to promote equal rights and opportunities for America’s women. Significance of the National Organization of Women: Wants equality in employment, political and social equality, and the passage of the equal rights amendment.
Nixon and the Watergate Scandal (SSUSH22b) Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up a burglary of the offices of the Democratic Party in the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C. Nixon wanted information on Democrats to help him win his reelection. Nixon won reelection in 1972, but his efforts to cover up the crime soon unraveled and, facing impeachment, he resigned in 1974. Significance of Nixon’s Watergate: Decrease in Americans trust in the federal government (voting decreases) and government creates new laws on campaign financing.
Gerald Ford Pardons Nixon (SSUSH22b) Ford Pardon’s Nixon so that he does not have to go to jail Significance of Fords Pardon of Nixon: bring the country back together, but the pardon only make citizens lose trust in the government and rule of law.
In March 2003, American and English troops invaded Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Iraq’s president, Saddam Hussein, went into hiding while U.S. forces searched for the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that Bush feared Hussein had and could supply to terrorists for use against the United States. No WMD were found. Hussein was captured and convicted of crimes against humanity. He was executed in 2006.
Technological Changes (SSUSH23a) Technologies changes such as the personal computer and the internet has had a dramatic impact on economic growth of businesses in the United States. Significance of Social Media: Place were biases and incorrect information can be spread, Obama used to organize people, Trump used to spread biases.
Presidential Election of 2008 (SSUSH23a) Democratic candidate Barack Obama was elected by a wide margin in the election. Significance of Obamas Election: Large groups of people gathered in D.C. to see Barack Obama’s inaugural address. This made history as Obama become the first African American to hold the office of presidency of the United States.
|