Grade 10 Geography Term 3 Exam Notes: Population and Migration

Migration: The movement of people from one place to another to live there temporarily or permanently.
Emigration: Leaving your country to live in another country. Memory aid: E = Exit.
Immigration: Entering another country to live there. Memory aid: I = Into.
Internal migration: Movement of people within the same country.
Regional migration: Movement of people from one region to another region.
Rural-urban migration: Movement from rural/countryside areas to cities.
Voluntary migration: A movement where a person chooses to move.
Forced migration: A movement where a person has to leave because of danger or circumstances they cannot control.

Population distribution: Refers to where people live in a country or area. People are not spread equally everywhere.
Physical factors influencing distribution:
- Water
- Climate
- Relief
- Fertile soil
- Natural resources
Human factors influencing distribution:
- Jobs
- Roads
- Schools
- Hospitals
- Industries
- Safety

Population density: Tells us how many people live in a certain area.
Formula: $\text{Population density} = \frac{\text{Total population}}{\text{Total area}}$
Unit: people per $\text{km}^2$
High density: Many people in a small area.
Low density: Few people in a large area.

Population pyramid: A graph showing the age and sex structure of a population.
Graph layout:
- Males are usually on the left side.
- Females are usually on the right side.
- Young people are at the bottom.
- Older people are at the top.
Pyramid classifications:
- Expansive: Wide base $\rightarrow$ high birth rate, many young people, fast growth.
- Stationary: More column-shaped $\rightarrow$ fairly stable population.
- Constrictive: Narrow base $\rightarrow$ low birth rate, fewer young people, more older people; population may decrease.
Age group categories:
- Young: $0-14$ years old
- Working age: $15-64$ years old
- Elderly: $65+$ years old

Birth rate: Number of live births per $1\,000$ people per year. $\text{Birth rate} = \left(\frac{\text{Number of live births}}{\text{Total population}}\right) \times 1\,000$
Death rate: Number of deaths per $1\,000$ people per year. $\text{Death rate} = \left(\frac{\text{Number of deaths}}{\text{Total population}}\right) \times 1\,000$
Literacy rate: Percentage of people who can read and write.
Fertility rate: Average number of children a woman has during her childbearing years.

Comparison Matrix:
- Income: Developed countries have generally high income; developing countries have generally lower average income.
- Birth Rate: Developed countries have low birth rate; developing countries have higher birth rate.
- Fertility: Developed countries have low fertility; developing countries have higher fertility.
- Literacy: Developed countries have high literacy; developing countries have lower literacy.
- Healthcare: Developed countries have good healthcare; developing countries have less access to healthcare.
- Population Growth: Developed countries have low population growth; developing countries have higher population growth.
- Standard of Living: Developed countries have high standard of living; developing countries have lower standard of living.
Country Examples:
- Developed: Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom.
- Developing / Emerging: South Africa is generally classified as a developing/emerging country.

Population growth: An increase in the number of people living in an area over time.
Increases: Occurs through births and immigration.
Decreases: Occurs through deaths and emigration.
Natural Increase Formula: $\text{Natural increase} = \text{Birth rate} - \text{Death rate}$

Definition: Movement of people from rural/countryside areas to towns and cities.
Push factors: Problems that make people want to leave rural areas.
- Unemployment
- Poverty
- Drought
- Poor services
- Lack of schools and healthcare
- Few job opportunities
Pull factors: Things that attract people to cities.
- Jobs
- Better schools
- Hospitals
- Housing
- Transport
- Services
Core Summary Concept: People are pushed by problems in rural areas and pulled by better opportunities in cities.

Refugee: A person forced to leave their country because they are not safe, often because of war, violence, or persecution.
Foreigner: A person who is living in or visiting a country that is not their own country.
Key Distinction: A refugee is forced to leave for safety, whereas a foreigner is simply someone from another country.

Definition: Process where more people live in towns and cities, causing cities to grow.
Causes:
- Jobs
- Education
- Healthcare
- Services
- Transport
- Industrial development
Problems of Rapid Urbanisation:
- Overcrowding
- Traffic
- Pollution
- Unemployment
- Crime
- Housing shortages
- Informal settlements
- Pressure on water, electricity, schools, and hospitals

Emigration = leaving; Immigration = entering.
Internal = within the country.
Rural-urban = countryside $\rightarrow$ city.
Population density = Population $\div$ Area.
Natural increase = Birth rate -$ Death rate.\n6. Wide population pyramid base = high birth rate + many young people.\n7. Push = problems that make people leave.\n8. Pull = good things that attract people.\n9. Refugee = forced to leave for safety.\n10. Urbanisation = growth of towns and cities.\n\n# Practice Questions\n\n1. What is migration?\n2. Explain the difference between emigration and immigration.\n3. What is internal migration?\n4. What is rural-urban migration?\n5. Give three push factors.\n6. Give three pull factors.\n7. What is population distribution?\n8. Calculate the population density if the population is 500\,000 $and the area is$ 2\,500\,\text{km}^2$.
What does a wide-based population pyramid show?
What is birth rate?
What is death rate?
What is literacy rate?
What is fertility rate?
Give three characteristics of a developed country.
Give three characteristics of a developing country.
What is natural population increase?
What is a refugee?
What is the difference between a refugee and a foreigner?
Define urbanisation.
Give four problems caused by rapid urbanisation.