AP Human Geography Unit 5
Von Thunen's Model
- Land value and transportation costs determine farmers' location relative to the market.
Subsistence Farming
- Production for daily survival needs.
Commercial Farming
- Farming for sale, common in developed countries, requires machinery.
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
- 10,000 years ago (8,000 BCE): Shift to sedentary lifestyle with reliable food sources through crop planting.
Second Agricultural Revolution
- 1750-1850: Industrial Revolution-era technology increases production and distribution.
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
- Late 20th century: Biotechnology (genetic engineering) and increased fertilizer use.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
- High-intensity farming in developing countries (Asia), maximizing land use (double/triple cropping).
Mediterranean Agriculture
- Dry summers, cool/moist winters: grapes, dates, olives.
Desertification
- Overgrazing leads to desert expansion in arid regions.
Transhumance
- Seasonal livestock movement between grazing grounds.
Double Cropping
- Two crops per year to maximize land use.
Shifting Cultivation
- Slash-and-burn agriculture: Clearing land by burning, short-term use (2-3 years), environmentally damaging.
Pastoral Nomadism
- Seasonal animal movement in arid climates for vegetation and water, relying on milk products.
Agriculture
- Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through plant and animal cultivation.
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between New and Old Worlds after 1492.
Food Security
- Consistent physical and economic access to safe, nutritious food.
Swidden
- A field prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture.
Crop Rotation
- Varying crops in sequence to avoid soil depletion and control pests.
Plantation
- Commercial agriculture in developing countries (bananas, coffee, sugar, tobacco) using resident labor.
Agribusiness
- Large-scale agricultural production in developed countries, including various sectors.
Truck Farming / Market Gardening
- Extensive vegetable crop production for distant markets.
Milkshed
- Area around a city where milk can be supplied without spoiling.
Horticulture
- Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
Ranching
- Commercial grazing of livestock for meat over a large area.
Aquaculture / Aquafarming
- Rearing aquatic animals or plants for food.
Genetically Modified Foods
- Foods with modified DNA through genetic engineering.
Organic Agriculture
- Food production without chemical fertilizers or pesticides, sustaining soil health and ecosystems.
Sustainable Agriculture
- Practices preserving environmental quality through sensitive land management and limited chemical use.
Local Food Movement
- Purchasing food from nearby farms to reduce transportation pollution.
Value-added specialty crops
- Enhancing commodity value through production processes like organic produce or regional branding.
Economies of scale
- Cost savings from increased production levels.
Commodity chain
- Links connecting production and distribution, resulting in a globally exchanged commodity.
Global Supply Chain
- System moving a product from supplier to customer, transforming resources into a finished product.
Intercropping
- Planting different crops in alternating arrangements.
Desertification
- Land degradation in semiarid areas due to human actions.
Metes and bounds system
- Uses natural features to demarcate irregular land parcels.
Township and range system
- Rectangular land division for even settlement.
Long-lot survey system
- Narrow parcels stretching from rivers or roads.
Bid rent theory
- Land price and demand change with distance from CBD.
Fair trade products
- Fair prices for products from disadvantaged producers in developing countries.
Monoculture
- Planting a single crop in large fields year after year.
Columbian Exchange
- The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Urban farming
- Growing food and raising animals in urban areas, including processing and distribution.
Intensive agriculture
- Agricultural system with high capital and/or labor inputs per unit of land.
Extensive agriculture
- Agricultural system with low labor inputs per unit of land.