CASE STUDIES

U.S. (HIC)-

-Unit 3: Managing Human Population:

  • Offers contraceptives and family planning services (ex. Title X: Provides federal funding for family planning services to low-income individuals.)

-Unit 4: Managing Ecosystems and Biodiversity:

  • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC): For the Everglades

    • Aquatic Habitat Conservation and Restoration

    • Invasive Plant Management

-Unit 5: Managing Resources:

  • High food security has been achieve by: Midwest Corn Belt: crop rotation that farmers use to maintain soil fertility, reduce pest cycles, and prevent soil degradation.

  • High Energy Security: Incorporating more electric vehicles.

  • Waste Management: Recycling pick up programs have diverted 70% from landfills

-Unit 6: Managing Water Supplies:

  • Groundwater/Aquifers: The Ogallala Aquifer supports agriculture across 8 states or ¼ of U.S. irrigation.

-Unit 7: Managing the Atmosphere

  • Acid Deposition: Clean Air Act - Cap-and-trade system for SO2 and NOx emissions. SOx emissions has decreased over 90% since the 1980s

-Unit 8: Managing Climate Change:

  • U.S. is one of the leading carbon emitters in the world

  • Clean Air Act: Established regulations to reduce air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), significantly improving air quality and public health.

China (MIC)-

-Unit 3: Managing Human Population:

  • Anti-Natalist Policy-One child policy to reduce population (though soon failed and was increased to a three child policy)

-Unit 4: Managing Ecosystems and Biodiversity:

  • Ecological Redlines: This involves setting boundaries to protect areas crucial for ecological functions, such as forests, wetlands, and coastal zones.

-Unit 5: Managing Food Security:

  • food security has been achieve by: Infrastructure development: The country has invested in transportation, storage, and market systems to improve food distribution and reduce post-harvest losses.

  • High Energy Security: diversifying energy portfolio

  • Waste Management: Incineration reducing waste volume and generating energy. However, concerns exist regarding air pollution and proper treatment of incineration byproducts.

-Unit 6: Managing Water Supplies:

  • Three Red Lines Policy: Sets limits on water usage, water efficiency, and water pollution to ensure sustainable use of water resources.

-Unit 7: Managing the Atmosphere

  • Installation of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems: cuts SO2 emissions

-Unit 8: Managing Climate Change:

  • Emissions reduction targets: China has committed to peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060.

Norway (HIC)-

-Unit 3: Managing Human Population:

  • Stable/slightly declining: gives universal healthcare

-Unit 4: Managing Ecosystems and Biodiversity:

  • Protected land and marine areas

-Unit 5: Managing Food Security:

  • High food security has been achieve by: smart water and irrigation practices

  • High Energy Security: 98% of electricity comes from hydropower

  • Waste Management: Extended producer responsibility (EPR): Producers are often responsible for the collection and recycling of their products, which incentivizes them to design products that are easier to recycle.

-Unit 6: Managing Water Supplies:

  • Hydropower

-Unit 7: Managing the Atmosphere

  • carbon tax on businesses that emit too much carbon

-Unit 8: Managing Climate Change:

  • Renewable energy transition: Norway invests in hydropower, wind, and solar power.

India (LIC)-

-Unit 3: Managing Human Population:

  • Overpopulation: India was one of the first countries to launch a national family planning program in the 1950s.

-Unit 4: Managing Ecosystems and Biodiversity:

  • established tiger reserve

-Unit 5: Managing Food Security:

  • High food security has been achieve by: Public Distribution System (PDS) gives food grains to poor households

  • High Energy Security: Import Dependence: India is heavily reliant on imports of crude oil, natural gas, and coal to meet its energy needs, making it vulnerable to price volatility and supply disruptions. (bad)

  • Waste Management: Swachh Bharat Mission: This nationwide campaign aims to clean up India's streets, cities, and infrastructure, and includes a significant focus on solid waste management.

-Unit 6: Managing Water Supplies:

  • The Ganga river is really polluted, regulations in place to prevent waste and ashes being dumped in.

-Unit 7: Managing the Atmosphere

  • National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): This program aims to reduce air pollution in major cities through a range of measures, including:

    • Strengthening monitoring networks.

-Unit 8: Managing Climate Change:

  • Vehicle Emission Standards: India has been progressively tightening vehicle emission standards (Bharat Stage norms) to reduce air pollution from the transport sector.