ap world units
Topic 1.1 Developments in East Asia (c. 1200-1450)
Significance of the Song Dynasty (960-1279):
Wealth, political stability, and artistic/intellectual innovations.
Greatest manufacturing capability in the world.
Shift to market production, becoming the most commercialized society.
Spread of Buddhism and Confucianism.
Expanded bureaucracy through meritocracy, increased social mobility.
Economic Developments in Postclassical China:
The Grand Canal: Efficient waterway transportation, making China the most populous trading area.
Gunpowder: Spread from China to Eurasia via Silk Roads traders.
Agriculture: Elaborate irrigation systems, heavy plows pulled by water buffalo/oxen increased food production and population growth.
Tributes: States paid money/goods to honor the Chinese emperor, providing income.
Social Structures in China:
Aid to the poor and public hospitals provided by the Song government.
Women expected to defer to men, exemplified by foot binding.
Religious Diversity in China:
Buddhism came from India via the Silk Roads.
Three forms of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism, each with different emphasis.
Followed the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
Neo-Confucianism: Evolved (770-840), syncretic system combining rational thought with Daoism and Buddhism.
JAPAN
Feudalism:
Feudal society without a centralized government for hundreds of years.
Landowning aristocrats (daimyo) battled for land control.
Most people were rice farmers.
Government:
In 1192, the Minamoto installed a shogun (military ruler).
Four centuries of regional rivalries among aristocrats.
Strong central government unifying the country not until the 17th century.
KOREA
Connection to China:
Direct relationship with China due to location, tributary relationship.
Centralized government in Chinese style.
Adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.
Aristocracy:
More powerful landed aristocracy compared to China, less social mobility.
VIETNAM
Social Structures:
Vietnamese women had greater independence in married lives compared to Chinese women.
Preferred nuclear families.
Villages operated independently, lacking political centralization.
Merit-based bureaucracy, but officials owed allegiance to village peasants instead of the emperor.
Topic 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam (c. 1200-1450)
Innovations:
Mathematics: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid groundwork for trigonometry as a separate subject.
Literature: ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah, prolific female Muslim writer, wrote about mystical illumination.
Medicine: Improved medical advances and hospital care in cities (e.g., Cairo).
Doctors and pharmacists needed licenses to practice.
Social Structures:
Merchants viewed as more prestigious compared to Europe and Asia.
Revival of trade on Silk Roads, merchants grew rich.
Muslim women enjoyed higher status than Christian or Jewish women.
Inherited property and retained ownership after marriage.
Could remarry if widowed.
Received cash settlement if divorced.
Practiced birth control.
Transfers:
Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy.
House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad.
Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain.
Islamic Rule in Spain:
In 711, Muslim forces invaded Spain.
Ruled Spain for seven centuries, while most of the continent remained Christian.
Umayyad rulers in Córdoba created a climate of toleration.
Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted peacefully.
Promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter.
Topic 1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia (c. 1200-1450)
SOUTH ASIA
Political Structures in South Asia:
Southern India was more stable; the Chola Dynasty reigned for over 400 years (850-1267).
Northern India experienced more upheaval; Rajput kingdoms formed after the fall of the Gupta Empire.
The Delhi Sultanate brought Islam to India, reigning for 300 years (13th-16th centuries).
Religion in South Asia:
Most South Asians practiced Hinduism before Islam.
Differences between Hinduism and Islam:
Hindus pray to many gods; Muslims are monotheistic.
Hindu artwork and temples filled with deities; Muslims disapprove of visual representations of Allah.
Hinduism associated with a hierarchical caste system; Islam calls for equality of all believers.
Hindus recognize several sacred texts; Muslims look only to the Quran.
Social Structures in South Asia:
Islam's arrival did little to alter the basic societal structure.
Most who tried to escape the caste system failed.
India’s caste system is its strongest historical continuity.
The Bhakti Movement: Emphasized emotion in spiritual life, focusing on attachment to a particular deity rather than rituals or texts.
SOUTHEAST ASIA
South Asia strongly influenced its neighbors in Southeast Asia.
Sea-Based Kingdoms:
The Srivijaya Empire (670-1025): A Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra, prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China.
The Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520): Based on Java, had 98 tributaries; Buddhist, controlled sea routes.
Land-Based Kingdoms:
The Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka: Rooted in the arrival of merchants from northern India.
Buddhists arrived in the 3rd century BCE, and the island became a hub of Buddhist study.
The Khmer Empire (802-1431): Situated near the Mekong River, not dependent on maritime prowess; complex irrigation led to economic prosperity.
Topic 1.4 State Building in the Americas
The Mississippian Culture:
First large-scale civilization in North America, starting in the Mississippi River Valley.
Rigid class structure and a matrilineal society.
The Maya City-States:
Mayan civilization peaked between 250 and 900 CE, stretching over southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala.
The government was based on city-states ruled by kings, each claiming divine right.
Mayan science and religion linked through astronomy.
The Aztecs:
Originally hunter-gatherers, migrated to central Mexico in the 1200s.
Founded capital Tenochtitlan in 1325 (present-day Mexico City).
Built aqueducts and a pyramid rising 150 feet.
Developed a tributary system; government was a theocracy.
Worshipped hundreds of deities, with rituals, feast days, and human sacrifices.
Women played an important role in the tribute system, making cloth.
The Inca:
Empire split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy.
Subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service.
Inca means “people of the sun,” Inti (sun god) was most important.
Priests diagnosed illnesses, solved crimes, predicted battles, determined sacrifices.
Developed sophisticated terrace systems for cultivating potatoes and maize.
Conquered by the Spanish in 1533.
Topic 1.5 State Building in Africa
Political Structures in Inland Africa:
Development heavily influenced by Bantu-speaking people's migrations.
Communities formed kin-based networks for governance.
Villages formed districts, chiefs solved problems.
Political Structures of West and East Africa:
Exchange of goods brought wealth, political power, and cultural diversity.
Islam's spread added to religious diversity.
Mali: Arose in place of weakened Ghanaian state by the 12th century.
Zimbabwe: Prospered via agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.
Ethiopia: Christianity spread from the Mediterranean coast; flourished by trading with India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and Africa’s interior.
Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa:
Organized around kinship, age, and gender.
Men dominated specialized skills.
Women engaged in agriculture.
Enslaved people increased social status.
Indian Ocean slave trade resulted from Middle East demand.
Cultural Life in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Ancestor veneration, song lyrics communicated with the spirit world.
African music had rhythmic patterns, vocals, and percussive elements.
Visual arts served a religious purpose.
Griots were storytellers and conduits of history.
Topic 1.6 Developments in Europe (c. 1200-1450)
Feudalism: Political and Social Systems:
Provided security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to workers.
Wealth measured in land.
The manorial system provided economic self-sufficiency and defense.
Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages:
Monarchies grew more powerful by employing bureaucracy and military.
King Philip II of France developed a bureaucracy.
The Estates-General advised the king with representatives from clergy, nobility, and commoners.
Between 1337 and 1453, the Hundred Years’ War stimulated unity among soldiers.
Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages:
In 1054, the Great Schism split the Christian Church into Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.
The Church established the first universities.
Most philosophers, writers, and thinkers were religious leaders.
The Church held great power in the feudal system.
Regional leaders (bishops) owed allegiance to the pope.
Wealth and political power led to corruption in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Christian Crusades:
Europeans sought to reclaim the Holy Land.
Economic and social trends increased pressure to invade the Middle East.
The Crusades were European military campaigns in the Middle East (1095-1200s).
Economic and Social Change:
The middle class (bourgeoisie) grew, including shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.
Renewed commerce led to larger cities.
Anti-Semitism was widespread; Jews were expelled from England (1290), France (1394), Spain (1492), and Portugal (1497).
Muslims faced discrimination; expelled from Spain in 1492 if they wouldn’t convert.
Urbanization led to women losing rights due to patriarchal thinking.
Renaissance:
Revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.
Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press led to mass production of manuscripts, literacy growth, and rapid spread of ideas.
Humanism focused on individuals rather than God, seeking education and reform.
Topic 1.7 Comparisons (c. 1200-1450)
State-Building and New Empires:
The Song Dynasty in China progressed.
The Abbasid Caliphate fragmented.
Mali created a more centralized government.
The Aztecs used a tributary system; the Incas used the mit’a system.
Feudal ties reduced in Western European kingdoms, not in Eastern Europe.
Japan became more decentralized and feudal.
Four Types of State-Building:
Emergence of New States: Mamluk Empire, Seljuk Empire, Delhi Sultanate.
Revival of Former Empires: Song Dynasty, Mali Empire, Holy Roman Empire.
Synthesis of Different Traditions: Japan, Delhi Sultanate, Neo-Confucianism.
Expansion in Scope: Incas, Aztecs, East Africa city-states, Southeast Asia city-states.
State-Building through Trade:
Cross-cultural exchanges of technology and innovation increased.
Paper manufacturing spread across Eurasia, reaching Europe (around the 13th century), increased literacy rates.
Europe benefited from exchanges with the Middle East and Asia.
Patriarchy and Religion:
Social organization remained patriarchal, but cultures varied.
Convent life for Christians in Europe and Jainism/Buddhism in South Asia offered women opportunities for learning and leadership.
Women lost independence in China as foot binding became more common.
Topic 2.1 The Silk Roads (c. 1200-1450)
Causes of Growth:
The Crusades: Introduced fabrics and spices from the East.
Rise of the Mongol Empire: Unified Silk Roads, respected merchants, and enforced laws.
Improved roads and punished bandits, increasing safety.
Improvements in Transportation:
Saddles for camels.
Chinese naval technology (rudder and magnetic compass).
Effects of Growth:
Cities along rivers became trade centers.
China developed financial systems (flying cash) to manage trade.
Increased demand led to expanded production of luxury goods.
Expanded iron and steel manufacturing in China, motivating proto-industrialization.
Topic 2.2 The Mongol Empire (c. 1200-1450)
Genghis Khan:
Attacked the Jin Empire in 1210.
Conquered the Kara Khitai Empire and Khwarazm Empire by 1219.
By 1227, his kingdom stretched from the North China Sea to eastern Persia.
Mongolian soldiers were proficient riders and archers.
Instituted religious tolerance.
Established new trade channels.
Mongolian Empire Expands:
Genghis Khan's grandsons expanded into Asia and Europe.
Batu Khan led the Golden Horde into Russia in 1236, conquering kingdoms and forcing tributes.
Resistance to the Mongols created the foundation for a future modern Russian state.
Long-Term Impact:
Largest continuous land empire in history.
Built roads and maintained trade routes.
Transferred Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and Arabic numbering to Western Europe.
Kingdoms and states copied centralizing power.
Mongol fighting techniques led to the end of Western Europe’s use of knights in armor.
Topic 2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean (c. 1200-1450)
Causes of Expanded Exchange:
Spread of Islam: Connected more cities.
Increased demand for specialized products.
Trade of enslaved people.
Advances in maritime technology.
Growth of States: Trading networks fostered states to institutionalize revenue.
Effects of Expanded Exchange:
Diasporic Communities: Merchants interacted with cultures and peoples during travel delays.
Increased demand for products caused trade expansion.
Swahili City-States: Thriving city-states emerged along the East African coast.
Trade brought wealth to East African cities.
Topic 2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (c. 1200-1450)
Trans-Saharan Trade:
Famous by the end of the 8th century C.E.
Gold was the most precious commodity.
Brought wealth to West Africa, especially Ghana and Mali.
Merchants also brought Islam into Sub-Saharan Africa.
West African Empire Expansion:
Mali taxed trade entering West Africa.
Timbuktu and Gao accumulated wealth and became Muslim centers.
Growth in trade and wealth required administration and maintenance.
Empires in Western Eurasia and Africa (13th Century):
Mali: West Africa, Timbuktu, Connected West and North Africa, Spread Islam.
Al-Andalus: Spain, Cordoba, Tolerant society, Preserved classical learning.
Byzantine Empire: Middle East, Constantinople, Roman legacy, Fostered trade.
Kievan Rus: Russia, Kiev, First large civilization, Spread Christianity.
Topic 2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity (c. 1200-1450)
Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture:
Buddhism came to China from India via the Silk Roads.
Japan and Korea adopted Buddhism and Confucianism.
In Korea, educated elite studied Confucian classics, while Buddhism attracted peasants.
Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam:
Indian religions spread to Southeast Asia through trade.
Srivijaya Empire (Hindu), Majapahit Kingdom (Buddhist).
Islam spread over Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia via merchants, missionaries, and conquests.
Scientific and Technological Innovations:
Religion, science, and technology traveled trade routes.
Islamic scholars translated Greek classics into Arabic.
Scholars brought math texts from India and papermaking from China.
Advances in hospital care, including surgery.
Topic 2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity (c. 1200-1450)
Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks:
Population growth in China led to migration south to the Champa rice region.
Environmental Degradation: Overgrazing outside of Great Zimbabwe led to its abandonment.
Spread of Epidemics:
Mongol conquests transmitted the Bubonic Plague from China to Central Asia and Europe.
The Black Death killed one-third of Europe's population.
About 25 million Chinese and other Asians died between 1332 and 1347.
Topic 2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange (c. 1200-1450)
Similarities among Networks:
Silk Roads: Luxury goods.
Indian Ocean trade: Monsoon-dependent, heavy goods.
Trans-Saharan trade routes: Salt from North Africa, gold from the south.
Exchange Effects:
Trading cities rose.
Centralization occurred.
Cities along trade routes underwent developments, ensuring safety.
Standardized currency was desired for transactions.
Topic 3.1 Empires Expand (c. 1450-1750)
The Gunpowder Empires:
Large, multiethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms.
Included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.
Europe:
The mid-1400s saw the end of plagues, the Hundred Years’ War, and the invention of the printing press.
Russia:
Linked to Europe through location.
Also influenced by Mongol influence and Viking invasions.
Ivan IV (ruled 1547-1584) expanded the Russian border eastward.
East Asia:
China’s Yuan Dynasty overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
During the Ming era, Europeans arrived.
In 1644, the Manchu established the Qing Dynasty.
Japan and Korea experienced parallel but unique developments.
Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires:
Shared traits:
Descended from Turkic nomads.
Spoke a Turkic language.
Took advantage of power vacuums.
Relied on gunpowder weapons.
Topic 3.2 Empires: Administration (c. 1450-1750)
Centralizing Control in Europe:
England’s King James believed in the divine right of kings.
Tudors relied on justices of the peace.
France became more absolute.
Reigning in Control of the Russian Empire:
The boyars were at the top of the social pyramid.
Peter the Great and the Romanov Dynasty took control in 1613.
Peter reorganized the government by creating provinces.
Legitimizing Power through Religion and Art:
St. Petersburg was built in a European style to show Peter’s admiration.
Askia the Great of Songhai made Islam the official religion.
Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements:
Istanbul remained a center of arts and learning.
Ottomans restored buildings in Constantinople.
Topic 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems (c. 1450-1750)
Protestant Reformation:
Lutheranism: Martin Luther objected to indulgences and simony; he advocated faith alone ("sola fide").
Calvinism: John Calvin believed in predestination; followers were called Huguenots in France.
Anglicanism: King Henry VIII set himself as head of the Church of England.
Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation:
Increased use of the Inquisition.
The Jesuits opposed Protestantism.
The Council of Trent corrected abuses and improved education of priests.
Wars of Religion:
Germany: The Peace of Augsburg allowed each state to choose its religion.
France: The Edict of Nantes allowed Huguenots to practice their faith.
Thirty Years’ War: Ended in the Peace of Westphalia, allowing each area to select its religion.
Scientific Revolution:
Empiricism developed by Francis Bacon insisted on data collection.
Sir Isaac Newton published work on gravitational force (Principia).
Topic 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires (c. 1450-1750)
Military Might:
Ottoman sultan and Safavid shah used slave soldiers.
Janissaries and Ghulams were recruited from minority groups.
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires went to war over territorial claims.
Centralized Bureaucracy:
Ottoman Empire: Taxes on non-Muslims and peasants.
Safavid Empire: Taxation policies to encourage adherence to Shi’a.
Mughal Empire: Akbar abolished taxes on unbelievers, but they were reinstalled later.
Ming Empire: Issued paper currency which led to counterfeiting and hyperinflation.
Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations (c. 1450-1750)
Developments of Transoceanic Travel and Trade:
Voyages by Columbus connected people across the Atlantic Ocean.
European traders linked Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.
Traded sugar, tobacco, rum, enslaved people, silk, spices and rhubarb.
Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology:
Prince Henry the Navigator supported exploration.
Newton’s discovery of gravitation increased knowledge of tides.
Improvements in cartography improved navigation.
New types of adaptable ships improved trades.
Long-term result was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade.
Topic 4.2 Explorations: Causes and Events (c. 1450-1750)
Comparing Transoceanic Voyages:
China (Zheng He): India, Middle East, Africa. To open up trade networks and spread culture. China decided not to continue exploring
England (John Cabot): North America. To find a sea route to the East. Claimed land in Canada.
Portugal (Vasco da Gama): West coast of Africa, India. To open a sea route to India and China. Expanded trade.
Spain (Christopher Columbus): Caribbean islands, Central America. To find a sea route to India and China. Led exploration of the Americas.
Spain (Ferdinand Magellan): South America, Philippines. Demonstrate Europeans could reach Asia sailing west. Established links between the Americas and Asia.
Topic 4.3 Columbian Exchange (c. 1450-1750)
Diseases and Population Catastrophe:
Indigenous people had no immunity to European diseases.
Disease responsible for most deaths.
Spanish soldiers brought smallpox.
Animals and Foods:
New crops and livestock shared.
Europeans brought the horse to the Americas.
Took back Mesoamerican maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao.
Cash Crops and Forced Labor:
Sugar profitability increased the transatlantic slave trade.
Slaves died from working conditions, poor nutrition, heat, and diseases.
Spanish pursued cash crop cultivation, such as sugar and tobacco.
Topic 4.4 Maritime Empires Established (c. 1450-1750)
State-Building and Empire Expansion:
Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries made inroads into the Kongo and Benin kingdoms.
Vasco da Gama invaded the Swahili city-states of East Africa.
Japan restricted networks and persecuted Christians.
China tried to limit outside influence by restricting trade.
European Rivalries on Five Continents:
The British East India Company had a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire.
Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in Goa.
France controlled Pondicherry.
Britain intervened in India politically and militarily and controlled much of the subcontinent.
Continuity and Change in Economic Systems:
The Western European search for profit began with Columbus.
The Spanish established the encomienda system.
The silver trade strengthened the Spanish economy.
European powers adopted mercantilism.
Types of Labor:
Slave labor in the Americas and Africa.
Serfdom in Europe and Asia.
Indentured Servants worked without pay.
Free Peasants worked their own land.
Topic 4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed (c. 1450-1750)
Commercial Revolution:
Transformation to trade-based economy.
The development of European colonies overseas, The opening of new ocean trade routes, population growth and inflation
The Dutch East India Company was successful as a joint-stock company.
Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade:
Weakened West African kingdoms.
Slowed population growth.
Led to violence among societies.
African societies became richer from selling captives.
African slave-raiding kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from Europe.
Spurred population growth through an improved diet.
Topic 4.6 Internal and External Challenges (c. 1450-1750)
Internal And External Challenges to State Power:
Portugal - Dutch and English push out of south Asia + Rebellion in Kongo.
France - Civil disturbances against royal power.
Russia - Cossack rebellion + Pugachev rebellion.
South Asia - Hindu Marathas ended Mughal rule.
Spanish Empire - Pueblo and Apache rebelled in new Mexico.
British Empire - Maroon wars, Gloucester county Rebellion and Metacom's war, Glorious revolution.
Topic 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies (c. 1450-1750)
Social Classes and Minorities in Gunpowder Empires:
The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy.
Ottoman Empire was tolerant toward Jews and Christians.
Merchants and artisans formed a small middle class.
European Hierarchies:
The top level was royalty.
Aristocracy owned most of the land.
Nobles controlled Parliament in England.
Prejudices against Jews declined somewhat.
Political and Economic Elites in the Americas
Topic 4.8 Continuity and Change (c. 1450-1750)
Transoceanic Travel and Trade:
The most significant change was the integration of the Western Hemisphere.
Technologies: astronomical charts, astrolabe, compass, magnetic compass and lateen sail.
Development of the Atlantic System.
Economic Changes:
Europeans established trading ports and cities along coasts.
Europeans came to dominate global trade.
European monarchs devised mercantilist economic policies.
Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment (c. 1750 - 1900)
The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe.
Feminism:
Olympe de Gouges fought for women’s rights by writing "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen”
Mary Wollstonecraft published “A Vindication on the Rights of Women.” arguing that females should receive the same education as males.
In 1545, activists gathered to promote women’s rights and suffrage.
in the UK, women won the full right to vote in 1928.
Rise of Zionism:
Zionism: the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.
After centuries of battling anti-Semitism, hostility toward Jews, and pogroms, many European Jews had concluded that living in peace and security was not a realistic hope.
Topic 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions (c. 1750 - 1900)
The French Revolution:
Slogan: liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
Causes:
Storming of the Bastille symbolized the abuses of the monarchy anad aristocracy.
The Reign of Terror:
The government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France in 1804.
The Haitian Revolution:
Toussaint L’Ouverture led a rebellion against slavery.
His army established an independent government.
Nationalism and Unification in Europe:
Italian Unification
Count di Cavour led the drive to unite the entire Italian Peninsula.
Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe Mazzini
Cavour allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of Naples.
German Unification
Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.
Bismarck founded the new German Empire in 1871
Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins (c. 1750 - 1900)
Growth of Technology:
The spinning jenny allowed to spin more than one thread at a time.
The water frame used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.
Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts.
Topic 5.4 Industrialization Spreads (c. 1750 - 1900)
Spread of Industrialization:
France had sparsely populated urban centers and was dealing French Revolution delaying IR.
Once Germany unified in 1871, it became a leading producer of steel and coal.
The United States began its industrial revolution in the l9th century. By 1900, the United States was a leading industrial force in the world.
By 1900, Russia had more than 30,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas.
The first country in Asia to industrialize was Japan.
Shifts in Manufacturing:
Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British officials’ mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British colonization.
British East India Company controlled parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and work metals.
Lancaster textile mills pressured the British government in India to impose an “equalizing” five percent tax on textiles.
Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age (c. 1750 - 1900)
A Second Industrial Revolution:
The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
The mass production of steel became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer Process
the first commercial oil wells were drilled, tapping into a vast new resource of energy.
In 1882 in London, the first public power station began production.
A patent for the telephone was issued to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
Global Trade and Migration:
The construction of railroads facilitated U.S. industrial growth.
Industrialized countries sought to protect their access to resources and markets by establishing colonies.
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph also opened up to exploration and development in the interior regions around the globe.
Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role (c. 1750 - 1900)
Ottoman Industrialization
Muhammad Ali began by remaking the country’s military based on a European model.
Muhammad Ali also pushed Egypt to industrialize having textile and armaments factories built.
built facilities to build ships so that Egypt could have a navy
In 1868, a group of samurai overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor.
This event became known as the Meiji Restoration.
Abolished feudalism by Charter Oath.
Established a constitutional monarchy based on Prussian model.
Reorganized the military, created a new navy, and adopted western technology.
Rapidly industrialized.
Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations (c. 1750 - 1900)
Corporations:
A corporation is a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders.
Stockholders are individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market.
The British corporation Unilever was a household brand by 1900.
Banking and Finance:
Insurance became more common because of growing middle class family want to safe guard.
Gold standard
HSBC, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, a British-owned bank opened in Hong Kong in 1865 focused on finance, corporate accounts, and international trade
Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy (c. 1750 - 1900)
Labor Unions:
Labor unions are organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain and strike to get better working conditions.
In the 19th century, labor unions grew.
In 1912, the National Child Labor Committee successfully lobbied to get laws passed that limited child labor.
Intellectual Ideas:
John Stuart Mill championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions Industrialized countries.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were German philosophers who thought that capitalism was inherently flawed and doomed to destroy itself.
They outlined their ideas in The Communist Manifesto
Reforms:
In 1843, British Mines Act prohibited underground work for all women as well as boys under age 10.
In 1881, education became mandatory for British children between the ages of 5 and 10.
Social Effects:
Industrialization changed society in many ways. Some of the positive effects were:
Increased access to goods, wealth, and leisure time.
The expansion of education.
Rise in the standard of living.
Some of the negative effects were:
Poor working conditions.
Low wages.
Child labor.
Pollution.
Urbanization:
Urban areas became overcrowded and polluted.
Many people lived in tenements, apartment buildings often owned by factory owners.
These buildings were located in slums, urban areas marked by poverty and usually unsafe conditions.
Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age (c. 1750 - 1900)
New Classes:
Industrialization led to the growth of both the middle class and the working class.
The middle class consisted of managers, business owners, and professionals.
The working class consisted of factory workers, miners, and other laborers.
Family Structure:
Industrialization changed family structure.
Families became smaller.
Women and children often worked in factories.
Women's Roles:
Industrialization led to new opportunities for women.
Women worked in factories, as teachers, and as nurses.
Some women became involved in the women's suffrage movement.
Consumerism:
Industrialization led to increased consumerism.
People had more money to spend on goods and services.
Advertising became more common.
Topic 5.10 Industrialization: Impact on Environment (c. 1750 - 1900)
Air and Water Pollution:
Factories released harmful pollutants into the air and water supply.
This led to increased rates of respiratory illness and other health problems.
Deforestation:
Forests were cleared to make way for factories and cities.
This led to soil erosion and loss of habitat.
Climate Change:
The burning of fossil fuels released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This led to climate change.
Topic 6.1 Imperialism: Causes (c. 1750 - 1900)
Motives for Imperialism:
Economic: industrialized countries needed raw materials and new markets for their products.
Political: industrialized countries wanted to expand their empires and increase their power.
Cultural: industrialized countries believed that they were superior to other cultures and that they had a duty to civilize them.
Technological Advances:
The development of the steam engine made it possible for Europeans to travel to Africa and Asia more easily.
The development of quinine helped Europeans to resist malaria.
The development of the machine gun gave Europeans a military advantage over other cultures.
Topic 6.2 Imperialism: State Expansion (c. 1750 - 1900)
European Imperialism:
Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and other European countries established colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
U.S. Imperialism:
The United States expanded its influence in the Americas, the Pacific, and Asia.
Japanese Imperialism:
Japan expanded its influence in Asia.
Topic 6.3 Imperialism: Africa (c. 1750 - 1900)
The Scramble for Africa:
European powers competed for control of Africa.
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 established rules for the division of Africa.
Resistance to Imperialism:
Africans resisted European imperialism, but they were often outgunned.
Notable resistance movements include the Zulu War and the Maji Maji Rebellion.
Topic 6.4 Imperialism: Asia (c. 1750 - 1900)
British Imperialism in India:
The British East India Company gradually gained control of most of India.
The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 led to the British government taking direct control of India.
Other Imperial Powers in Asia:
France established colonies in Indochina.
The Netherlands controlled Indonesia.
The United States annexed the Philippines.
Topic 6.5 Imperialism: Effects (c. 1750 - 1900)
Economic Effects:
Imperialism led to the exploitation of resources and labor in colonies.
Colonies were often forced to produce raw materials for the benefit of the imperial power.
Political Effects:
Imperialism led to the loss of independence for many countries.
European powers often imposed their own political systems on colonies.
Cultural Effects:
Imperialism led to the spread of Western culture to colonies.
European languages, religions, and customs were often imposed on local populations.
Topic 6.6 Causation in Imperialism (c. 1750 - 1900)
Explain the interconnectedness of imperialism and economic, political, social, and cultural developments
Economic factors such as the need for new markets and raw materials drove imperialism.
Political factors such as nationalism and the desire for power led to imperialism.
Social factors such as racism and the belief in European superiority fueled imperialism.
Cultural factors such as the spread of Christianity and Western values were used to justify imperialism.
Topic 7.1 Causes of WWI (c. 1900 - 1950)
MAIN Causes:
Militarism: the belief that a country should maintain a strong military force.
Alliances: agreements between countries to support each other in case of war.
Imperialism: the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization.
Nationalism: the belief that one's country is superior to others.
The Spark:
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914.
Topic 7.2 World War I (c. 1900 - 1950)
The Western Front:
A line of trenches that stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.
Characterized by trench warfare, in which soldiers lived in trenches and fought each other from close range.
The Eastern Front:
A line of fighting between Germany and Russia.
Characterized by more mobile warfare than the Western Front.
New Technologies:
Machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas were used in World War I.
These technologies led to high casualty rates.
U.S. Enters the War:
The United States entered World War I in 1917.
The United States had initially tried to remain neutral, but it was drawn into the war by German submarine warfare.
Topic 7.3 The Russian Revolution (c. 1900 - 1950)
Causes of the Revolution:
World War I put a strain on the Russian economy and led to food shortages.
The Russian government was weak and unpopular.
There was widespread social unrest.
The Bolsheviks:
A radical socialist group led by Vladimir Lenin.
The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in October 1917.
The Soviet Union:
The Bolsheviks established the Soviet Union in 1922.
The Soviet Union was a communist state.
Topic 7.4 Effects of World War I (c. 1900 - 1950)
The Treaty of Versailles:
The treaty that ended World War I.
Germany was forced to pay reparations and give up territory.
The League of Nations was created.
The League of Nations:
An international organization that was created to prevent future wars.
The League of Nations was weak and ineffective.
The Rise of Fascism:
Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism.
Fascism rose to power in Italy and Germany after World War I.
Topic 8.1 Unresolved Tensions After World War I (c. 1900 - 1950)
Economic Instability:
The Great Depression began in 1929.
The Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and poverty.
Failures of Diplomacy:
The League of Nations was unable to prevent aggression by Japan, Italy, and Germany.
Topic 8.2 Causes of World War II (c. 1900 - 1950)
Aggression by Axis Powers:
Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.
Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939.
Appeasement:
The policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to avoid war.
The policy of appeasement failed to prevent World War II.
Topic 8.3 World War II (c. 1900 - 1950)
Theaters of War:
Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
Key Events:
The invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the beginning of World War II.
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the United States into the war.
The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942-1943 was a turning point in the war.
D-Day in 1944 marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Europe.
The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 led to Japan's surrender.
Topic 8.4 Genocide (c. 1900 - 1950)
The Holocaust:
The systematic extermination of Jews by the Nazis.
Six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust.
Other Genocides:
The Armenian Genocide in 1915.
The Rwandan Genocide in 1994.
Topic 8.5 Effects of World War II (c. 1900 - 1950)
The United Nations:
An international organization that was created to promote peace and cooperation among nations.
The Cold War:
A period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Cold War lasted from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Decolonization:
The process by which colonies gained their independence from imperial powers.
Decolonization occurred in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East after World War II.
Topic 9.1 The Cold War (c. 1945 - 1991)
Causes of the Cold War:
Ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The United States was a capitalist democracy.
The Soviet Union was communist.
Key Events:
The Berlin Blockade in 1948-1949.
The Korean War in 1950-1953.
The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
The Vietnam War in 1964-1975.
Topic 9.2 Decolonization (c. 1945 - 1991)
Causes of Decolonization:
World War II weakened European powers.
Nationalist movements grew in colonies.
The United Nations supported decolonization.
Key Events:
India gained independence in 1947.
Ghana gained independence in 1957.
Algeria gained independence in 1962.
Vietnam gained independence in 1975.
Topic 9.3 Newly Independent States (c. 1945 - 1991)
Challenges Facing New States:
Poverty.
Disease.
Political instability.
Ethnic conflict.
Successes of New States:
Economic development.
Improved education.
Increased political participation.
Topic 9.4 Post-War Economic Transformation (c. 1945 - 1991)
The Rise of the United States:
The United States became the world's leading economic power after World War II.
The Rise of Japan:
Japan experienced an economic miracle after World War II.
The Rise of China:
China began to experience rapid economic growth in the late 20th century.
Topic 9.5 Globalization After 1990
The End of the Cold War:
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War.
The Rise of Globalization:
Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, investment, and cultural exchange.
New Technologies:
The Internet has made it easier for people to communicate and share information.
Transportation technologies have made it easier for people to travel and trade.
Economic Integration:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has worked to reduce trade barriers.
Regional trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also promoted economic integration.
Topic 9.6 Technological Advances and the End of the Cold War (c. 1945 - 1991)
The Space Race:
The United States and the Soviet Union competed to develop space technology.
Nuclear Weapons:
The United States and the Soviet Union developed nuclear weapons.
The threat of nuclear war was a major factor in the Cold War.
Topic 9.7 Migration (c. 1945 - 1991)
Causes of Migration:
Economic opportunities.
Political instability.
Environmental disasters.
Effects of Migration:
Economic growth.
Cultural exchange.
Social tensions.
Responses to Migration:
Immigration restrictions.
Integration policies.
Multiculturalism.
Topic 9.8 Social Changes (c. 1945 - 1991)
The Civil Rights Movement:
A movement to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States.
The Women's Rights Movement:
A movement to achieve equality for women.
The Environmental Movement:
A movement to protect the environment.
Topic 9.9 Globalized Culture (c. 1945 - 1991)
The Spread of Western Culture:
Western culture has spread around the world through movies, music, television, and the Internet.
The Rise of Global Brands:
Global brands such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, and Nike have become popular around the world.
Topic 9.10 Continuity and Change in a Globalized World (c. 1945 - Present)
The world has become increasingly interconnected since 1945.
New technologies have made it easier for people to communicate, travel, and trade.
Economic integration has increased.
Global culture has spread around the