적색 공포 및 매카시즘 어휘

Fifth Amendment: The right of the accused to invoke the right against self-incrimination.
McCarthyism: Named after US Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, known for pursuing the search for communist subversion in the US.
USSR: Stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee, established in 1938, investigated suspected communist sympathizers in the federal government.
Red Scare: A lingering threat over the perceived communist penetration widely spread in America.
Propaganda: Biased or misleading information used to promote a particular political cause.

Shortly after WWII (1939-1945), the US and the Soviet Union were involved in the Cold War, a series of political and economic conflicts.
The rivalry posed a threat to the US, suspecting communist and leftist allies might infiltrate their government in support of the Soviet Union.

Figure 1.3 illustrates Soviet expansion in Europe by 1950.
In 1946, the US ambassador to the Soviet Union received a wooden copy of the Great Seal of the USA as a gift.
In 1952, a listening device was found inside the Great Seal, revealing the Soviets had been eavesdropping for nearly 6 years.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Cold War intensified, leading to the Red Scare, a widespread fear of perceived communist penetration in America.
Communists were called Reds, as they pledged allegiance to the red Soviet flag.
This period led to a national witch hunt for communist sympathizers, spearheaded by Senator Joseph McCarthy, marking the rise of McCarthyism.

President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9835 to address the growing Soviet influence.
Commonly known as the Loyalty Order, it sought to investigate all government employees to check their loyalty to the US.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), under J. Edgar Hoover, aided anti-communist activities.
The agency gathered extensive files on suspected subversives through wiretapping, surveillance, and infiltration of leftist groups.
In 1951, the FBI was involved in the Rosenberg case.

David Greenglass was arrested on June 15, 1950.
Greenglass named the Rosenbergs as co-conspirators.
All three were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage.
Greenglass served a 15-year sentence, while the Rosenbergs were electrocuted on June 19, 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York.

Established in 1938, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was a key instrument during the Red Scare.
It focused on investigating suspected communist sympathizers in the federal government.
The Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security Act, requiring all "subversives" in the US to undergo government supervision.
President Truman initially vetoed the Act, deeming it a mockery of the Bill of Rights, but Congress overrode his veto.

The HUAC used its subpoena power to call citizens to testify in high-profile hearings.
Suspected communists were questioned about their political beliefs and activities.
The accused were required to reveal other names involved in supposed subversive activities.

Failure to comply or answer questions led to indictment for contempt in Congress and imprisonment.
Those who did not cooperate were often blacklisted, lost their jobs, and were barred from working in their chosen industry.
Invoking the Fifth Amendment could create the impression of guilt.

A group of Hollywood screenwriters, directors, and producers who refused to participate in the HUAC investigation.
They denounced the HUAC's methods as a violation of citizens' rights.

The Hollywood Ten were cited for contempt, imprisoned, and banned from working in major Hollywood studios.
In August 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a self-confessed member of the American Communist Party, accused Alger Hiss, a former high-ranking official, of being a Soviet spy.
Hiss was found guilty of perjury based on Chambers' evidence.

Charlie Chaplin was a famous victim of the Red Scare.
The FBI and HUAC were suspicious because he never applied for US citizenship and they suspected communist propaganda in his films.
Chaplin denied being a communist before HUAC in 1947, but his reputation was damaged. He was barred from re-entering the US in 1952 and spent the rest of his life in Switzerland.

US Senator Joseph R. McCarthy became the face of anti-communist efforts.
He gained prominence by searching for communist subversion, leading to what became known as McCarthyism.
McCarthyism served as a byname for the vilification of one's character through publicized baseless accusations.

McCarthy claimed to have a list of communist workers within the US government in a Wheeling, West Virginia speech.
The numbers he cited varied (57, 81, 205).
His Red-baiting campaign continued during his second term on the Committee on Government Operations.

McCarthy used intimidation and fear-mongering to pursue alleged communist infiltration.
He aggressively questioned witnesses, violating their civil rights.
Over 2,000 government employees lost their jobs due to McCarthy's investigations.
McCarthyism declined in 1954 when he targeted the US Army Signal Corps and administration officials.

The McCarthy hearing was a 36-day televised Senate hearing starting in April 1954.
It revealed McCarthy's bullying tactics and threats.
His charges against the Army and government officials were undocumented and based on hearsay.
In December 1954, the Senate condemned McCarthy, ending his career and marking the fall of McCarthyism (67-22 vote).
Three years later, McCarthy died from alcohol abuse.

The army sent evidence of McCarthy's corruption to news reporters
The televised Army-McCarthy hearings showed McCarthy's bullying tactics to the public.
McCarthy's accusations became more extreme.
Nobody was actually convicted of spying based on McCarthy's work
The media increasingly produced anti-McCarthy articles and programmes.
Cold War tensions eased after the Korean War ended in July 1953.

Some Americans believed McCarthy crusaded against communism, which the US government didn't fully embrace.
Critics argued McCarthyism violated the liberties and civil rights of innocent people.

What are the main differences between capitalism and communism?
Why did people in the USA fear communism?
Give two reasons why the Red Scare happened.
What do 'HUAC' and 'FBI' stand for?
Who were the following: J. Edgar Hoover, Joseph McCarthy, Alger Hiss, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg?
What were the Hollywood Ten imprisoned for?
What were the terms of the McCarran Act?
What methods were used by Joseph McCarthy to find communist spies in the US government?
Give three impacts of McCarthyism on the USA.
In what year did the following happen: the start of HUAC's investigation into communist spies; the trial of Hiss; the Rosenberg trial; the Soviet Union's testing of the atomic bomb?