Exam Study Guide

Venus Return

  • Understand all aspects of Venus return.

  • Explain how breathing integrates into the system.

  • Provide a clear and in-depth explanation.

Types of Capillaries

  • Know the different types of capillaries.

Right vs. Left Side of the Heart

  • Explain the differences between the right and left sides of the heart.

  • Why do they look different?

  • What are their respective functions?

  • Use terms like "pulmonary circuit" and "systemic circuit".

Blood Flow Diagram

  • Diagram the path blood takes through the body (written, no pictures).

  • Include:

    • Right atria

    • Right ventricle

    • Lungs

    • Left atria

    • Left ventricle

    • Body

    • Mitral valve

    • Bicuspid valve

    • Tricuspid valve

    • Oxygenated blood location

    • Deoxygenated blood location

    • This section is critical for the test and future medical knowledge.

Blood - Chapter 1

  • Functions of blood.

  • Origin of blood cells.

  • Types of blood cells.

  • Formed elements of blood.

Red Blood Cells

  • Unique characteristics:

    • Not complete cells.

    • Lack nuclei.

    • Biconcave shape.

    • Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

  • Hemoglobin Molecule:

    • Heme

    • Globin

  • Red Blood Cell Breakdown:

    • Lifespan: 120 days.

    • Become rigid and break down in the spleen.

    • Iron constituent disposal.

    • Fate of the protein part.

  • Hemoglobin: Iron-bearing

Chemical Nature of Blood

  • Blood pH: Approximately 7.45.

    • Ideal range: 7.35-7.45

    • Significant deviations are problematic.

  • Too many red blood cells:

    • Blood becomes too thick.

Blood Clotting

  • Explain the blood clotting process.

    • Thrombin

    • Prothrombin

    • Fibrin

    • Fibrinogen

  • Provide a simplified explanation, acknowledging the complexity (14-15 steps).

  • Where is fiber normally?

    • Dissolved

  • How is it brought out of dissolution?

Red Blood Cell Maintenance

  • How to maintain sufficient red blood cell count.

  • Erythropoietin.

  • Thrombopoietin.

  • Kidney's role in maintaining red blood cell count.

  • Platelets.

  • Megakaryocytes (term).

Hemoglobin

  • In Detail.

Intrinsic Factor

  • What is it?

White Blood Cells

  • In detail: Critical for the exam.

  • Erythrocytes, leukocytes.

  • Neutrophils.

  • Monocytes: What do they become?

  • Basophils: What do they make?

  • Importance:

    • Understanding abnormal white blood cell counts.

    • Early leukemia diagnosis.

Blood Typing

  • Who can receive which blood types.

  • Type A blood:

    • A antigens

  • Type AB blood:

    • A and B antigens

  • Type O blood:

    • No antigens

    • Can make antibodies against all types of blood.

  • Type AB blood:

    • No antibodies

    • Can receive any type of blood.

  • Rh Factor (Rhesus Factor):

    • Rh positive

    • Rh negative

Blood Typing Explanation

  • Explain:

    • Antigens present.

    • Antibodies produced.

    • Compatible blood types for transfusion.

Hemolytic Disease of Newborns

  • Mom is Rh-negative.

  • Baby is Rh-positive.

  • Potential problems due to mom's immune system attacking Rh-positive blood.

  • Why does it primarily affect the second child?

  • What is RhoGAM?

    • A shot.

    • Passively acquired active immunity (verify).

Other Important Terms

  • Pulmonary embolism.

  • Heart murmur.

Cardiac Muscle

  • Characteristics.

  • Intercalated discs and gap junctions.

  • Mitochondria quantity: A lot.

Coronary Arteries

  • How the heart muscle is supplied with blood.

Pericardial Membranes

  • Parietal pericardium vs. visceral pericardium.

  • Pericarditis.

Heart Wall Layers

  • Diagram the heart wall layers (written).

Sides of the Heart

  • Systemic vs. pulmonary circuits.

Heart's Conduction System

  • Kenchy fibers vs. Bundles of His.

  • How does it work?

Heart Function

  • Which side does what?

  • Location of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac output question will be asked.

  • Cardiac output is a function of:

    • Stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per stroke).

    • Heart rate (beats per minute).

  • CardiacOutput=StrokeVolume×HeartRateCardiac Output = Stroke Volume \times Heart Rate

  • If heart beats too quickly, stroke volume decreases. There is a sweet spot.

ECG Diagram

  • Walk through the ECG diagram.

  • P, QRS, T.

  • Explain what each part represents.

  • Ventricular depolarization location on ECG.

Heart Sounds

  • Kronkoff sounds.

  • Meaning of "Lubb dub".

Pacemaker

  • How does it work?

Major Vessels off Aorta

  • Identify the first major vessels.

Types of Capillaries

  • Where are they located?

  • What are their functions?

  • Names of different types.

Types of Arteries

  • Elastic arteries vs. muscular arteries.

  • Location of highest pressure: Elastic arteries.

Elastic Arteries

  • Function: Swell and squeeze to maintain constant blood flow.

  • Aortic hemorrhage or split.

Veins

  • Valves.

  • Venous return: Importance and mechanisms.

Venous Return

  • How does breathing help?

  • Most blood is in the veins at any given time.

  • Veins are larger in diameter than arteries.

  • Arteries' pressure helps with venous return, but it’s not enough.

Arterioles

  • How do they regulate blood pressure using smooth muscle?

  • After capillaries, there is almost no pressure.

Healthy Blood Pressure

  • Systolic vs. Diastolic.

  • Explain systolic and diastolic pressure.

  • Supemelanometer.

  • Sigma manometer.

  • Blood pressure cuff.

Baroreceptors

  • How do they internally regulate blood pressure?

  • Sensing stretch.

Arterial Walls

  • Sense pH in the blood.

Hypertension

  • What is it?

  • What causes it?

  • How is it treated?