RESPIRATORY

COMPARATIVE RESPIRATORY ANATOMY

Segments of respiratory system: NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, & LUNGS

Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses: Conductive, transitional & gas exchange system

Immune defense of conductive system: mucociliary clearance

Immune defense of transitional system: clara cells

Immune defense of gas-exchange system: intravascular pulmonary macrophages

Trapping of particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages: Deposition

Removal of trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages: clearance

Difference between the deposited and trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages: retention

Dorsal, lateral and ventral boundaries of nasal cavity: nasal, incisive, maxilla

Rostral and caudal boundaries of nasal cavity: anterior nares and posterior nares

Apertures of pharynx: naso, oro and laryngopharynx

Meatuses/ air spaces in the nasal cavity: superior nasal, middle nasal, common nasal, and inferior meatus

Separates the nasal cavity into left and right: nasal septum

Common passageway for digestive and respiratory tracts: pharynx

Voicebox: larynx

Slit-like opening at the proximal aspect of larynx bounded on either side by vocal cords: rima glottides

Aspiration pneumonia: failure of epiglottis to cover opening (foreign materials enter respiratory tract)

Windpipe: trachea

Concentric layers of trachea: fascia propria, cartilaginous ring, fibroelastic layer, muscular layer, mucous membrane layer

Cartilage type in tracheal rings: hyaline cartilage

Point of tracheal bifurcation: carina

Branches of bronchi: primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, pulnonary alveoili

Diffusion: greater to lesser concentration

Phonation: voice production in larynx

Olfaction: sense of smell

Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium: involved in olfaction

Olfactory nerve: CN1 (sends signals to brain to detect smell)

Pointed and wide portion of the lungs: apex (pointed) base (wide)

Borders of lungs: dorsal and ventral

Extra lobe of the right lung: accessory lobe

Lobes of the right lung: apical, cardiac, accessory/intermediate, diaphragmatic

Lobes of left lung: apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic

Surfaces of the lung: costal, interlobar, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

Diaphragm: broad unpaired muscle separating thorax and abdomen

Parts of the diaphragm: costa, sternal, lumbar

Hiatuses of the diaphragm:

Hiatus- aorticus, esophagii and vena cava

Structure passing thru hiatus vena cava: caudal vena cava

Structures passing thru hiatus aorticus: aorta, vena azygos, cisterna chylii

Structures passing thru hiatus esophagi: esophagus, esophageal branch of gastric artery, vagus nerve

Regions/ segments of mediastinum: pericardia, cardinal, mediastinum

Structures that pass thru mediastinum: heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves

Mediastinum: surrounds the heart between right and left lungs

Serous lining of thorax (and abdomen): pleura-peritoneum

Turbinates in the nasal cavity: ethmoturbinates and maxilloturbinates

Organ which regulates air volume in respiration: larynx

Organ which prevents aspiration of foreign bodies: larynx

Paired laryngeal cartilages: arytenoid, curniculates, cuneiform

Unpaired laryngeal cartilages: cricoid, thyroid, epiglottic

Entrance of pharyngeal aperture, bounded in front by epiglottis, behind by arytenoids, and laterally by ary-epiglottic folds: aditus

Bounded laterally by ventricular folds, and has lateral ventricle which leads into laryngeal saccule: vestibule

Part of larynx continuous with trachea: posterior compartment

Extrinsic muscles of larynx: sternothyroid, thyroid, hyoepiglottic

Laryngeal muscle which tenses the vocal cords: cricothyroid

Laryngeal muscle which dilates the rima: dorsal cricoaeytenoid

Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima: crucoarytenoid

Laryngeal muscle which assists in closing the rima: transverse arytenoids

Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima and loosens vocal cord: ventricular and vocal

Structures which enter/ leave the lungs at hilus: bronchus, pulmonary artery, vein, nerves, lymph vessels and bronchial artery

Types of lungs and sample animals:

type 1- cattle, sheep goat and pig

Type 2- dog, cat , monkey

Type 3 - horse

Characteristics of fetal lung:pale grey, firm to touch, does not crepitate, sinks in water

Characteristics of normal lung: soft and spongy, crepitates when pressed, bright pink color, floats in water

Characteristics of lungs in cattle, ox, sheep, pig and dog:

ruminants: divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissures

Pig: lung has 2 lobes (apical and cardic divided only by cardiac notch)

Dog: right lung larger than left, 4 lobed with very deep fissures extending to toots

Horse; not divided into lobes by deep fissure

Lines of reflections of parietal pleura, and descriptions: vertebral, sternal, diaphragmatic

Part of diaphragm, and descriptions:

Costal - cartilage of ribs (8,9,10)

Lumbar 1 right crus 1st to 15th lumbar vertebra

Ventral longitudinal ligament left crus - second lumbar vertebrae

Sternal - upper parts of Xiphoid