Pathology Flashcards

Pathology

Define key terms related to pathology.
Analyze models of health and illness.
Determine the four aspects of the biopsychosocial model of pain.
Clarify the genetic aspects of health and illness.
Explain the lifestyle factors that affect health.
Describe health promotion and disease prevention and physical therapy practice implications.
Assess epigenetics and implications for PT practice.
Compare and contrast the increased health risks with obesity and physical therapist practice implications.
Define stress and describe the impact of stress on the organism.
Define and describe various psychiatric disorders.
Discuss the impact of these disorders on the provision of healthcare services to the patient/client.
Describe the role of the physical therapist in addressing the needs of the patient/client with these disorders.

Disease: Biologic/Psychologic changes leading to organ or system malfunction. Biomedical condition(s) causing disturbances in normal health. Objective changes that can occur without a person being aware of the illness.
Illness: Perception/response of a person to not being well. Includes biologic, personal, interpersonal, & cultural reactions to disease. A person can feel ill without obvious pathologic process identified.

Acute: Rapid onset & short duration, usually self-limiting, and responds to specific treatment.
Subacute: Time course between acute & chronic, present for more than a few days but less than several months.
Chronic:
- Permanent impairment or disability.
- Residual physical or cognitive disability.
- Need for rehabilitation and/or long-term medical management.

Incidence: Measurement of the number of new cases of a disease during a particular period of time.Measures rate of occurrence of disease which leads to calculating to probability (risk) of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time.
Prevalence: Refers to the total number of cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period. References how widespread a disease has become & Indicates impact of disease on population, including length of time disease has been encountered & old/new cases.

Mortality: Death.
Mortality rate: Number of deaths due to disease/total population.
- Taken according to age, sex, area, type of disease.
- Several types: infant, perinatal, child, maternal, crude, standardized, & age-specific

Physical and/or cognitive condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities.
- Impairments: problems in body function/structure.
- Activity limitations: Difficulty in executing a task/action.
- Participation restrictions: Difficulty with involvement in life situations.

Health Promotion: Built on the principles of self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, stress reduction and management, and physical fitness.
Disease Prevention: More cost-effective than treating disease.
- Primary: Remove or ↓ disease risk factors.
- Secondary: Promote early detection, initiate preventive measures for complications.
- Tertiary: Limit impact of established disease.

Primary: Good nutrition, calcium & D3 intake, regular weight bearing exercises, not smoking to prevent osteoporosis
Secondary: Skin tests for TB, mammography, colonoscopy, routine cervical Pap smear
Tertiary: Rehabilitation to return to highest level of function

Earlier PT intervention leads to decreased acute care length.
Major roles in secondary & tertiary care.
- Secondary: Wide range of settings from hospitals to preschools.
- Tertiary: highly specialized, complex, & technologically based settings.
Prevention/Wellness Role:
- Prevention/wellness activities.
- Screening programs.
- Promotion of positive health behaviors.

Biomedical:
- Model for centuries were all illness is due to disease and physiologic processes.
- Psychologic, social and spiritual influences independence of disease.
- Focuses on internal factors only.
- Illness is a deviation of the healthy state
Biopsychosocial:
- Biologic, psychologic, and social variables: key factors in health and illness.
- Mind and body cannot be separated.
- Psychologic, cognition, emotion, motivation, with biologic/environmental factors = various health states.
- Family, community, society interactions influence health outcomes.
Biopsychosocial Spiritual:
- Developed with advent of holistic health
- Recognizes the healing potential of faith, spirituality and religious beliefs.
- Social and spiritual support important for promotion of health, decreasing susceptibility to disease, and facilitating recovery.
Social-Ecologic:
- Theoretic principles for understanding interrelations among diverse personal and environmental factors in health and illness.
- Health is affected by interaction between the individual, group/community, and physical, social, political environments.

Epigenetics: Study of how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes function. Based on Social-Ecological Model of Health.
Describes heritable mechanisms that are reversible occurs without alteration of underlying DNA sequence.
- The expression of DNA and subsequent reading of the gene can be altered or manipulated.
- The mind considered "master controller" of gene expression, hence change occurs by becoming aware of individual perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyle choices.