Spanish Study Guide 1
Adjective-Noun Agreement (Acuerdo Adjetivo/Sustantivo)
Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. This is fundamental for correct Spanish grammar.
Example:
If the noun is masculine singular, the adjective must be masculine singular (e.g., "el perro grande").
If it is feminine plural, the adjective will be feminine plural (e.g., "las casas grandes").
Regular Verbs: -AR, -ER, -IR (Verbos Regulares: -AR, -ER, -IR)
It is crucial to master the conjugation of regular verbs, which are divided into three endings:
-AR Verbs (e.g., hablar - to speak)
Yo hablo
Tú hablas
Él/Ella/Usted habla
Nosotros/Nosotras hablamos
Vosotros/Vosotras habláis
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablan
-ER Verbs (e.g., comer - to eat)
Key endings: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
Examples from the review:
"Tú corres (correr) en el parque (park), ¿no?" (You run in the park, right?)
"¿Aprende (aprender) a leer tu sobrino?" (Does your nephew learn to read?)
"Yo no comprendo (comprender) la tarea de física." (I don't understand the physics homework.)
"Los estudiantes comen (comer) hamburguesas en la cafetería." (The students eat hamburgers in the cafeteria.)
"Mi esposo y yo leemos (leer) el Miami Herald." (My husband and I read the Miami Herald.)
-IR Verbs (e.g., vivir - to live)
Key endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en
Examples from the review:
"La profesora vive (vivir) en Chicago." (The teacher lives in Chicago.)
"Yo asisto (asistir) a conciertos de Juanes." (I attend Juanes' concerts.)
Questions and Answers (Preguntas y Respuestas)
Common initial questions:
"¿Cómo estás?" (How are you?)
"¿Qué día es hoy?" (What day is today?)
"¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?" (What's today's date?)
"¿Qué día del ciclo es hoy?" (What cycle day is today?)
Common answers:
"Estoy bien." (I'm well.)
"Hoy es lunes." (Today is Monday.)
"Hoy es el seis de octubre." (Today is October sixth.)
"Hoy es el primer día del ciclo." (Today is the first day of the cycle.)
Sentence structure: It is important to maintain the correct sentence order when asking and answering (subject + verb + the rest, or verb + subject + the rest for questions).
Ser vs. Estar
The choice between "ser" and "estar" is fundamental in Spanish and depends on the type of information you want to express.
Uses of "Ser" (DOCTOR mnemonic)
Description (descripción): "Dos más dos son cinco." (Although incorrect, "son" is a form of ser). (Two plus two is five.)
Occupation (ocupación)
Characteristic (característica)
Time (hora)
Origin (origen)
Relationship (relación)
Uses of "Estar" (PLACE mnemonic)
Position (posición)
Location (lugar): "Padre nuestro, que estás en el cielo." (Our Father, who art in heaven.)
Action (acción - gerund: -ando/-iendo)
Condition (condición)
Emotion (emoción): "Estoy bien." (I am well.)
"Tener", "Tener que", Expressions with "Tener" and "Venir"
Common phrases with "tener" (to have):
Tener cuidado (to be careful)
Tener miedo (to be afraid)
Tener mucha suerte (to be very lucky)
Tener que + infinitive (to have to)
Tener ganas (de) (to feel like, to want to)
Tener mucha hambre (to be very hungry)
Tener prisa (to be in a hurry)
Tener razón (to be right)
Examples of "tener" and its expressions:
"Mis sobrinos tienen miedo del perro (dog) de mis abuelos." (My nephews are afraid of my grandparents' dog.)
"Necesitas tener cuidado con la computadora portátil (laptop)." (You need to be careful with the laptop.)
"Yo tengo que practicar el vocabulario de español." (I have to practice Spanish vocabulary.)
"Lola y yo tenemos ganas de escuchar música latina." (Lola and I feel like listening to Latin music.)
"Anita cree que (that) dos más dos son cinco. Ella no tiene razón." (Anita believes that two plus two is five. She is not right.)
"Ganas (You win) cien dólares en la lotería. Tú tienes mucha suerte." (You win one hundred dollars in the lottery. You are very lucky.)
"Javier tiene quince años y tiene una familia grande." (Javier is fifteen years old and has a big family.)
"En la mañana, Javier siempre tiene prisa porque se levanta tarde." (In the morning, Javier is always in a hurry because he wakes up late.)
"Cuando llega a la clase de español, él tiene que sacar sus materiales y también tiene que hacer la tarea." (When he arrives at Spanish class, he has to take out his materials and also has to do his homework.)
"Allí, Javier tiene hambre y compra un bocadillo." (There, Javier is hungry and buys a sandwich.)
"Sus amigos no quieren estudiar, pero Javier tiene razón: es importante prepararse." (His friends don't want to study, but Javier is right: it's important to prepare.)
Use and conjugation of "venir" (to come):
"Todos los días sus hermanos vienen a la escuela con él en el coche de su mamá." (Every day his brothers come to school with him in his mom's car.)
"Por la tarde, Javier viene a la práctica de fútbol." (In the afternoon, Javier comes to soccer practice.)