L2 Gross Anat Annotated

Lecture Overview

  • Quiz open tonight (Sunday Night Lecture 2)

  • Course: PSC 101 - Bio Psych

  • Date: January 9th, 2024

Lecture Learning Objectives

CNS and PNS Identification

  • 2.1 Identify CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) locations in the body.

PNS Organization

  • 2.2 Describe PNS structure and information flow:

    • Afferent (Sensory) Division: Information travels into the CNS.

    • Efferent (Motor) Division: Information travels from the CNS out to the body.

      • Further divides into:

        • Somatic System: Voluntary muscle control.

        • Autonomic System: Involuntary muscle control.

CNS Functions & Structures

  • 2.3 Identify functions of key CNS structures:

    • Spinal Cord: Conduits information to/from the body.

    • Brainstem: Controls basic physiological functions.

    • Cerebellum: Coordinates fine motor control.

    • Subcortical Structures: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus.

Cerebral Cortex

  • 2.4 Identify cerebral cortex lobes and their functions:

    • Frontal Lobe: Executive function, memory, and motor control.

    • Parietal Lobe: Spatial awareness and touch perception.

    • Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing and memory support.

    • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing.

Helmet Safety Argument

  • 2.5 Create an argument for why cyclists should wear helmets to prevent head injuries.

Nervous System Introduction

  • The nervous system is constructed of neurons and glia.

  • Organized into two major branches:

    • CNS: Brain and spinal cord (processing center).

    • PNS: Everything outside the CNS (connects to sensory receptors, muscles, and organs).

PNS Detail

Afferent System

  • Sensory pathways convey information like touch and pain to the CNS.

Efferent System

  • Motor pathways send commands from the CNS to muscles.

    • Somatic: Connects to skeletal muscles (voluntary control).

    • Autonomic: Connects to smooth muscles (involuntary control).

CNS Functions and Structures

CNS Primary Functions

  • Responsible for thinking, movement control, regulating physiological processes, and memory.

CNS Structure and Specialization

  • Diverse brain structures optimize function specialization.

    • Example: Processing sensory information, making decisions, controlling movements.

Key CNS Structures to Know

  • Spinal Cord

  • Brain Stem

  • Cerebellum

  • Thalamus

  • Hypothalamus

  • Basal Ganglia

  • Hippocampus

  • Cerebral Cortex

Damage and Collaboration in CNS

Spinal Cord Damage

  • Damage affects communication with the body; severity increases closer to the brain.

Brainstem Functions

  • Manages vital functions (heart rate, breathing) and info processing.

Cerebellum Function

  • Coordinates movements and possibly involved in cognitive functions.

Subcortical Structures Overview

  • Thalamus: Relay station for sensory and motor signals.

  • Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and hormonal control.

  • Basal Ganglia: Involved in motor control and cognition.

  • Hippocampus: Key for memory consolidation.

Cerebral Cortex

Structural Overview

  • Outermost layer responsible for conscious processes: thinking, language, memory.

Damage Impact

  • Damage can lead to loss of functions covered in the lecture.

Injuries to the Nervous System

  • Risk from traumatic brain injury is significant.

  • Helmets reduce risk of severe injury during activities like biking.

Lecture Learning Objectives with Provided Information

CNS and PNS Identification2.1 Identify CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) locations in the body.

  • CNS: Comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the central processing unit for the entire nervous system.

  • PNS: Encompasses all neural structures outside the CNS, connecting it to sensory receptors, muscles, and organs throughout the body.

PNS Organization2.2 Describe PNS structure and information flow:

  • Afferent (Sensory) Division: Transmits sensory information from body to the CNS.

  • Efferent (Motor) Division: Sends commands from the CNS to the body.

    Further divides into:

  • Somatic System: Controls voluntary muscle movements.

  • Autonomic System: Regulates involuntary muscle activities.

CNS Functions & Structures2.3 Identify functions of key CNS structures:

  • Spinal Cord: Provides pathways for information traveling to and from the body.

  • Brainstem: Governs essential physiological functions such as heart rate and breathing.

  • Cerebellum: Coordinates fine motor control and may be involved in cognitive tasks.

  • Subcortical Structures: Includes the thalamus (sensory and motor relay), hypothalamus (homeostasis regulation), basal ganglia (motor control and cognition), and hippocampus (memory consolidation).

Cerebral Cortex2.4 Identify cerebral cortex lobes and their functions:

  • Frontal Lobe: Responsible for executive functions, memory, and voluntary motor control.

  • Parietal Lobe: Involved in spatial awareness and processing of touch sensations.

  • Temporal Lobe: Focuses on auditory processing and memory support.

  • Occipital Lobe: Specializes in visual information processing.

Helmet Safety Argument2.5 Create an argument for why cyclists should wear helmets to prevent head injuries.

  • Wearing helmets significantly reduces the risk of serious head injuries in case of accidents, highlighting their importance in promoting safety during cycling activities.