CHE 101 Chapter 1 ppt
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
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Title and copyright notice for "Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 11th Edition" under Cengage.
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Chapter Outline:
Chemistry and Its Methods
Sustainability and Green Chemistry
Classifying Matter
Elements
Compounds
Properties and Changes
Energy: Some Basic Principles
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Goal for Section 1.1:
Recognize the difference between a hypothesis and a theory, and understand how laws are established.
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Chemistry Defined:
Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass: Measure of the amount of matter in an object.
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Chemistry and Its Methods:
Hypothesis: A tentative explanation or prediction.
Law: A concise statement always consistent under given conditions.
Theory: A well-tested principle explaining facts/laws; can suggest new hypotheses.
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Qualitative Observations:
No numerical data involved.
Includes color, physical appearance, temperature without specifying numeric values.
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Quantitative Observations:
Numerical and measurable attributes specified.
Includes dimensions such as mass, time, and temperature.
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Goals of Science:
Prediction
Control
Understanding
Explaining
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Dilemmas and Integrity in Science:
Results should be reproducible.
Conclusions should be reasonable and unbiased with proper credit.
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Goal for Section 1.2:
Understand principles of green chemistry.
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Sustainability and Green Chemistry Principles:
Prevent waste.
Maximize material usage in synthetic methods.
Reduce toxicity in chemical synthesis.
Minimize energy requirements.
Use renewable and practical raw materials.
Ensure chemical products do not persist in the environment.
Minimize risks in substance use.
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Goals for Section 1.3:
Understand kinetic-molecular theory.
Represent matter at macro, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels.
Identify characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases.
Understand differences between pure substances and mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
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Classification of Matter:
Physical State Classification:
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Composition Classification:
Element
Compound
Mixture
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Classifying Matter by States of Matter:
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States of Matter:
Solid:
Definite shape and volume; lowest kinetic energy.
Liquid:
Indefinite shape; definite volume; intermediate kinetic energy.
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Gas:
Indefinite shape and volume; highest kinetic energy.
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Macroscopic and Particulate Levels:
Macroscopic: Observable phenomena.
Submicroscopic (Particulate): Individual particle level (atoms/molecules).
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A Scientific Model:
Atom: Smallest unit of an element.
Molecule: Smallest unit of a pure substance containing more than one atom/element.
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Molecule:
Retains chemical characteristics; described by a molecular formula.
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Classifying Matter:
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Mixtures:
Combination of two or more pure substances.
Homogeneous: Uniform composition.
Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition.
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Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous:
Homogeneous mixtures are uniformly distributed; heterogeneous mixtures have distinguishable components.
Both can yield pure substances when separated.
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Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by filtration.
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Physical Properties and Separation Methods:
Methods include decantation, centrifugation, distillation, filtration, chromatography, evaporation, magnetism, etc.
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Heterogeneous or Homogeneous:
Examples: Blood, urine, steak, gasoline, Twinkies.
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Pure Substances:
Defined physical & chemical properties; classified as elements or compounds.
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Elements and Compounds:
Elements consist of one type of atom; cannot be decomposed by ordinary means.
Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.
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Knowledge Check:
Which state of water has the highest kinetic energy?
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Knowledge Check Answer:
Steam at 115 °C
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Knowledge Check:
Particulate nature of helium gas.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
2
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Knowledge Check:
Storing propane as liquid vs. gas.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
More propane per unit volume as liquid.
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Knowledge Check:
Classification of mineral water.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
Homogeneous mixture.
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Goals for Section 1.4:
Name/symbol for an element, and use terms atom, element, and molecule correctly.
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Elements in the Periodic Table:
118 recorded elements; further discussed in Chapter 2.
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Knowledge Check:
Symbol for potassium?
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Knowledge Check Answer:
K
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Knowledge Check:
Identify which is NOT an element.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
Water
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Goals for Section 1.5:
Correctly use the term compound and understand the law of definite proportions.
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Chemical Compounds:
Composed of two or more atoms.
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Chemical Compounds Description:
Composed of molecules/ions; described by formulas.
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Active Learning:
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Knowledge Check:
Identify which is NOT a compound.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
Chlorine gas
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Goals for Section 1.6:
Identify physical properties, relate density to mass/volume, and understand changes.
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Physical Properties (1 of 6):
Characteristics evaluated without changing composition: color, odor, state, density, boiling/melting points.
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Physical Properties (2 of 6):
Solubility, electrical conductivity, volume, hardness.
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Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces:
Water vs. methane in terms of intermolecular forces and physical properties.
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Physical Properties:
Affected by temperature; density is useful for identifying substances.
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Density of Water:
Changes with temperature.
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Extensive vs Intensive Properties:
Extensive properties depend on amount; intensive properties do not.
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Chemical Properties (1 of 2):
Result in a change in composition, explaining reactions between substances.
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Chemical Properties (2 of 2):
Relate to periodic trends and molecular structure.
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Physical Change:
No change in chemical composition; examples include melting.
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Chemical Change:
Change in chemical composition or structure; e.g., rust formation.
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Chemical vs. Physical Change:
Examples of chromatography and electrolysis demonstrating the differences.
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Knowledge Check:
Identify chemical and physical changes in examples.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
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Knowledge Check:
Determine order of increasing density for different plastics.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
polypropylene < water < soda bottle plastic
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Knowledge Check:
Identifying identity of metal based on mass and water displacement.
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Knowledge Check:
Density values of different gases mentioned.
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Knowledge Check Answer:
helium and neon float in air.
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Active Learning Knowledge Checks:
Series of questions related to energy transfer, temperature conversions, and mass comparisons capturing fundamental concepts of chemistry.