Comprehensive Summary of Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

• Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical identity.
• These properties are typically identified using our senses (sight, touch, smell, etc.).
• Examples include:
  • Color.
  • Luster (how shiny or dull something is).
  • Size.
  • Shape.

Chemical Properties

• Chemical properties describe how a substance reacts with other substances or changes its chemical composition.
• Analogized to the "personality" of matter, indicating its reactivity.

Observable Properties of Matter

• Boiling point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
• Freezing point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
• Luster: How shiny or dull a substance appears.
• Size and shape: Physical dimensions and form.
• Color: The visual appearance of a substance.
• Electrical conductivity: The ability of a substance to conduct electricity.
• Thermal conductivity: The ability of a substance to conduct heat.
• Feel: The texture of a substance.

Physical Change

• Matter can undergo physical changes without altering its chemical composition.

States of Matter

• Solids, liquids, and gases are different states of matter.
• Solids: Molecules are closely packed together.

Pure Substances

• Elements on the periodic table are examples of pure substances.
  • Each element has a unique symbol, which always starts with a capital letter.