5.6-5.10
5.6| Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 - 1900
Objective | Key Developments |
Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. | As industrialization spread, each country experienced competing pressures between preservation of traditional values and modernization. The Ottoman Empire Did the Ottoman Empire adopt Western ideas? No What two things led to unrest in the Ottoman Empire?
Describe the Ottoman Empire after World War I? After world war I, the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey (small state) replaced and other independent countries China Why was China unable to promote industrialization? The Chinese were unable to promote industrialization because of weakening from the opium war and became split into spheres of influence, they became a republic but its central government was still too weak Japan Why did Japan want to adopt Western innovations? To become more equal to Western countries Ottoman Industrialization Describe the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s (what problems were they facing and what were the results?) The empire no longer had lots of land, experienced a decline in trade, palace coups, weakened leadership How did Muhammad Ali come to power in Egypt? Albanian Ottoman officer, became known, local leaders selected him to become new governor of Egypt, sultan had to agree because he had no power How did Muhammad Ali reform Egypt? Reformed Egypt by leading some campaigns where he benefited, reformed the army after the European model, made schools, had military officers go to France to be educated, started the first official newspaper in Islamic world. Taxed peasants at high rate. What was the long-term results of Ali heavily taxing the poor? Because of the high taxes placed on the poor, they were forced to give their lands up to the state, where the government then gained control of valuable cotton production and made money on cotton export and other ag products. Religious lands being secularized let the government attain more land to produce goods, leading to high profits, especially when wheat prices were high in Europe. How did Ali industrialize Egypt? Had textile factories be built to compete with French and British ones. Had factories in Cairo producing armaments (military equipment and weapons), also had some places build ships so Egypt could have a navy, and there were smaller shops in Cairo that used locks, bolts of cloth, and other uniform parts for weapons and uniforms. Japan and the Meiji Restoration Why did trading states want to interact with Japan? Trading states wanted to interact with Japan because they wanted to sell goods in Japan, they also wanted the right to be able to refuel in Japan as they (Europeans) traveled from China and to other parts of East Asia. Who was Matthew Perry and what effect did he have on Japan? Matthew Perry travelled to Japan’s Yedo and Tokyo bay, where he asked for trading privileges, and continued to ask that Japan trade with the United States. Japan when faced with the power of the U.S. warships gave into U.S demands and soon other foreign states. Why did many Japanese people feel as though they needed to adopt Western technology? They felt that they needed to adopt parts of western technology because they were unable to match the strength of the other states What was the Meiji Restoration? Some Japanese who wanted the country to adopt parts of west technology and methods to protect its own traditions overthrew the shogun and brought power back to the emperor in 1868 Japanese Reforms:
How did the Japanese government pay for these advancements? Inducing a high agricultural tax, stimulated quick economic growth What was a negative effect of industrialization in Japan? In Japan’s process of copying western methods, they also had problems similar to the west like abusing and exploiting female Japanese mill workers, similar to British women. Define zaibatsu and describe their role in Japanese industrialization. Zaibatsu are powerful Japanese family business organizations similar to the conglomerates in the United States. They would buy industries in Japan, private investment in companies |
AP Illustrative Examples for 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10
Key term/event | Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) | |
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) | British owned bank that opened in colony of Hong Kong in 1865. Focused on finance, corporate investments, global banking | |
Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo | British and Dutch venture, focused in goods in household like soap, had factories in Australia, Switzerland, the U.S. and more. Used palm oil in British West Africa and Belgian congo, had huge plantations, gained wealth and influence on a whole new scale compared to past | |
Stock Markets | Corporations where people would buy part ownership of a country, stockholders could be able to receive dividends when corp. Makes profit | |
Limited-liability Corporations | When people invested in corporations, and owned part of the corporation, and will not be liable for losses, capital suppliers are not able to lose money more than their investment amount | |
5.7 | Economic Developments and Innovations
Objective | Key Developments |
How did the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions contribute to change between 1750 and 1900? | Describe the impact of Adam Smith’s 1776 publication entitled Wealth of Nations. Argued that humans are born transactional, which supported capitalism and establishing pirate entrepreneurship and shaping economies and politics of the industrial age and future centuries Define laissez-faire economics. Effects on Business Organization Describe why corporations became popular? (How do they minimize risk? What role do stockholders play?) Corporations became popular because it allowed for people to buy partial ownership from the corp., when the corp. Profits, stock holders receive dividends, and if the company does bad, the stockholders are not liable, only lose what they paid for the stock Name two Monopolies and describe what a monopoly is. Alred Krupp of Essen, Germany, used bessemer process to produce steel, a monopoly in the German steel industry, John D. Rockefeller had monopoly in oil industry, a monopoly is a corporation that is so strong that it controls a specific business and removes all competition What is a transnational company? ***MAKE SURE YOU COMPLETE THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ABOVE!** A company that works over national boundaries What was the effect of transnational companies? Companies were able to gain lots of wealth and influence on a larger scale Corporations replaced traditional systems of a single entrepreneur engaging in High risk business endeavors with a system of larger companies, collectively engaging in Lower risk efforts. This made investment much safe and more attractive_. With their growth, corporations gained greater economic and political power. What was another way to reduce risk at this time? Insurance (marine insurance especially) Why did banking grow during industrialization? Banking grew during industrialization because merchants and workers needed a place to safely deposit and borrow money if needed to build a factory or hire workers Effect on Mass Culture A rise in living standards for some led to a culture of Consumerism and leisure. Why did producers begin to advertise in the 1800s? Producers began to advertise in the 1800s because people in the middle class especially began to have money to spend on nonessential goods, living standards rose Describe why companies encouraged employees to play sports? Employees were encouraged to play sports because companies believed that sports rewarded virtues like self discipline and playing by rules. Why did material goods and leisure entertainment become important at this time? Most workers spent most of their time awake working in bleak industrial environments, so leisure entertainment became popular to provide and escape |
5.8| Reactions to the Industrial Economy
Objective | Key Developments |
What conditions led to calls for change in industrial societies, and what were the effects of those efforts? | Labor Unions Describe factories in the 19th century: dangerous, unsanitary, low wages, long hours What was the Sadler Report and what effect did it have on Great Britain? A report released by a committee in Parliament describing the working conditions in factories, bringing awareness for reforms What is a labor union and why were they formed? How did the government initially feel about labor unions? A labor union is an organization of workers that advocate for their rights to bargain with their employers and create agreements in a contract How did Labor Unions improve workers lives?
How did Unions eventually lead to expanded voting rights? Unions eventually lead to expanding voting rights for the working class, the British parliament passed bills that expanded the group of men that could vote, you only needed to own property as a man to vote Describe the laws passed in the following years in regards to children and their effect on child labor:
The Intellectual Reaction What was the goal of utopian socialists? To create communities that demonstrated alternatives to capitalism Who was John-Stuart Mill and what did he champion? British philosopher, championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit labor of children, guarantee safe working conditions in factories Define utilitarianism: (what did they want, how did they view themselves?) wanting the greatest good for the largest number of people, viewed themselves as rational, moderate, advocates for gradual reform Karl Marx Who was Karl Marx and what system of economics did he promote? German scholar and writer, argued for socialism, promoted scientific socialism According to Marx and Freidrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it created a lot of wealth, but it also produced unnecessary poverty and misery. Define the following:
Marx believed that market competition resulted in what? Market competition caused the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat to get more profits What did Marx believe the proletariat should do? Believed the proletariat to recognize their mutual interest as a class and take control over production ways and share wealth that they made together fairly What is the final form of Socialism? Communism where there would be no more class separations Ottoman Response to Industrialization Sultan Mahmud II (1808 - 1839) reformed the Ottoman system in the following ways: (include results of these reforms if you can)
After Mahmud, reforms called Tanzimat (reorganization) took place….
What was a millet? How was it changed during the Tanzimat and how did people feel about the changes? A millet is a new legal system where there were different legal courts that were separated, established by various religious communities, used its own religious laws. Christians did not like because they felt their autonomy was being threatened, and the Muslims protested against reforms as they went against their traditional values and practice Ottoman Economy and Society With the growth of industrialization, Ottoman workers were increasingly paid in cash instead of goods. Most factory jobs went to men. How did the reforms of Mahmud II change the lives of women? Women usually allowed to hold money, gain from inheritance, get some education, but under Mahmud II, laws were more secular and women’s rights on sharing their property or cash by trusts to family members How did Sultan Abdulhamid continue reforms in the Ottoman Empire? Continued reforms by accepting a new constitution for the Ottomans, emphasize primary education, secularization of law This new Sultan was afraid of “seditious” reforms. What does this word mean (use google)? Seditious: disposed to arouse or take part in or guilty of sedition (resistance against lawful authority), so the sultan and central govt. Kept tight control of state How did Abdulhamid react to “Young Turks”? Drove them into exile Why was he called the Red Sultan? The government of Abdulhamid made lots of minority groups angry like Armenians and Assyrian Christians, and 100K to 250K were killed, because of bloodshed he was called the Red Sultan Reform Efforts in China What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China? The Qing Dynasty felt pressure to modernize, so this movement was developed to assist the government in dealing with internal and external problems in China. Chinese officials wanted to strengthen China in order to do what? To compete against foreign powers by advancing their military tech and readiness, training Chinese artisans in manufacturing items for shipyards and arsenals, stable government let China pay its debts and be in trade What and who led to the Hundred Days of Reform? Kang Youwei (civil servant), led a club, that convince the ruler to support reforms What did the Hundred Days of Reform include? Included abolishing outdated civil service exam, removing corruption, establishing a western style industrial, commercial, and medical systems What did Emperor Guangxu’s adopted mother do to him? His adopted mother was a conservative, she imprisoned the emperor and removed his reform edicts Why? Feared influence from foreigners and resisted new tech that would go into her country What problems existed with the Civil Service Exam that caused Empress Cixi to reform them? Was designed for Confucian ideals for respecting rank and hierarchy, values of civic participation and action. She changed them because the wealthy were just using the civil servants to receive favors, government received less revenue as bribes went to corrupt civil servants Why did Europeans encourage change within China? Encouraged change to gain some power, as the Chinese government needed help from American and European Advisors as they were weak from inner rebellions and feared encroachment from Japan, they demanded trade concessions from China Why did China accept territorial “protection” against Japan from the United States? They were weak from inner rebellions and feared encroachment from Japan Resistance to Reform in Japan Describe the role of Samurai in Japan after 1871: were no longer allowed to fight or carry their swords, they served the government then as genros (older statesmen) List some successes of Japanese Reform
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5.9| Society and the Industrial Age
Objective | Key Developments |
How did industrialization cause change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living? | What was the differences between poor women and middle class women during industrialization? Poor women worked jobs in domestic service and textile industries and spent less time at home, and middle class women began to spend their freetime looking for entertainment in theaters, concert halls, and sports facilities Effects on Urban Areas What was the effect of rapidly growing urban centers? Rapidly growing urban centers without planning from government led to a damaging ecological footprint being left behind and making inhumane living conditions for the poorest of the cities, the working class Define tenements and slums: (What were they, who lived there and why, etc.) Tenements: home, slums: area where the poor of the city lived, polluted water supply, open sewers, where low income families were forced to live What spread among tenement buildings?
What were the governments’ responses to the above? Government made fire and police dept. Public health acts were passed to do the following:
Industrialization led to increased living standards for many. The growing middle class had access to: goods, housing, culture, education Why did people continue to move to cities despite their negative qualities? Wealth and opportunities that the middle class had Who made up the working class? People who labored in coal mines and factories How are factory workers different from previous artisan craftsmen? Factory workers made goods quickly from improved technology, they needed less skills and were easily replaceable, past artisans needed more skill and time, harder to replace What kept wages low? The competition for jobs kept wages low, lots of people wanted jobs so they’re more willing to work for less to just have a job Who were the middle class? The middle class consisted of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals, white collar workers →those held by office workers Who was the upper class? Industrialist and owners of large corps, eventually got more power than the aristocracy as power brokers and leaders in modern society Farm Work VS Factory Work How was life in a factory different from life on a farm or working from home? On a farm, families were able to work together near each other, but working in a factory makes it about impossible to work from home, and people had to leave their families and communities for a long time to earn money to survive, factories ran by schedules, farmers by their own time, injury and death common because of long work days What kinds of jobs did children work? Textile mills, coal mines Where did working class women work? Coal mines until deemed illegal, factories (not beneficial to women as factories paid them half of men’s wages) Why was being a housewife a status symbol? It showed their family had enough money to stay at home, their husband was enough to be sole provider What was the “Cult of Domesticity”? Where there was a consumer and advertising culture where the female homemaker was idealized. Ads encouraged women to get household products that would make the home a place for the husband to rest from the mean modern world. There were instructions for women on how to care for home, raise their children, behave in society, and so be pious, submissive, pure, and domestic How did industrialization lead to feminism? Industrialization eventually led to feminism because men were usually the workers in society, and women were more at home, men being absent leading to opportunities for women when there was the Seneca Falls meeting to want equality for women. What were the environmental effects of the Industrial revolution? Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas being used led to toxic air pollution that was made by coal burning companies, smog, polluted water because industries dumped waste into water sources, diseases went through neighborhoods The Legacy of the Industrial Revolution What was the effect of Mass Production: goods became more easily accessible, larger amount, and cheaper Why did people move to cities or industrialized countries? Workers could be low or high skilled that could take advantage of opportunities from industrialization. What were some of the negative impacts of industrialization? Polluted air, water supplies, workplace shifted to factories over homes (changed family life), unequal relationship between workers and owners, crowding and poverty→more crime, some people who industrialized earlier wanted more natural resources taking from developing industrializing states, started new wave of colonization |
5.10|Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age
Objective | Key Developments |
How did the Industrial Revolution demonstrate both continuity and change? | The industrial Revolution changed:
Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Economic Continuities and Changes” CONTINUITIES: Some parts of world continued to produce crops, minerals, and other resources, cotton from Egypt, South Asia, and Caribbean, SE Asian areas had spices, rubber, tin, timber; West Europe and U.S. continued to dominate the economy nationally CHANGES: New machines to make large number of goods=skilled artisans→unskilled labor in assembly line, goods more affordable and more variety, more readily available goods; more ways of production changed economies out of Europe as well, U.S, Russia, Japan had increased production in industry and had more railroads built; Japan and Egypt had state sponsored efforts in order to modernize economies with different successes; steam ship and steam locomotive made maritime trade quicker and cheaper because of steam power, interior regions that had railroads helped with accessibility and using previously unused natural resources; telegraph improved communication over long distances, people and goods were able to move quicker and cheaper→global trade increase; Western Europe: mercantilist→capitalist (tight regulated trade to private companies able to get profits) Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Social Continuities and Changes” CONTINUITIES: Doctors and lawyers still remained in the middle class; women not treated the same as men being paid less for the same job as a man, provided labor in agriculture, women mostly supported by men CHANGES: Western Europe mostly rural and farming→employment in urban cities; industrial working class came about, long hours in bad conditions, filthy housing, crowded polluted cities; people no longer working in farms by their own schedule but their boss’s, labor unions formed; middle class usually doctors and lawyers, local merchants/shopkeepers, other occupations joined middle class including middle management of banks, factories, insurance companies, shipping agents, trading companies; the wealthy class became made up of wealthy industrial companies who made their money from investments not land, became wealthier that aristocracy; women also earned money in manufacturing textiles; all people in family needed to work because factories paid low wages, so women were important to the good of the family Use this space to list CONTINUITIES and CHANGES listed in the sections below “Political Continuities and Changes” CONTINUITIES: People had little rights in government; women not allowed to vote until 1900s; dictatorships stayed where middle class was small CHANGES: New political ideas developed by philosopher during industrial revolution; demands for right to vote and to end aristocratic privileges; protests in Paris wanted more freedom for press; Berlin wanted check on monarch’s power by parliament; Hungary wanted freedom from Austria; want for natural rights; men got more rights to vote; social reforms for protection of industrial workers (accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance, old age pensions); new labor parties that advocated for laborers |
Industrialization and Its Global Impact (1750 - 1900)
Key Developments: During this period, industrialization transformed economies and societies worldwide, leading to increased manufacturing, urbanization, and changes in labor dynamics.
Global Perspectives:
Ottoman Empire: Faced corruption and ethnic unrest, leading to its dissolution post-World War I.
China: Struggled to industrialize due to colonial pressures and internal strife, resulting in weak governance.
Japan: Rapidly modernized during the Meiji Restoration, adopting Western technologies and establishing a constitutional monarchy.
Economic Changes: The emergence of corporations and monopolies, increased banking activities, and the establishment of stock markets defined the economic landscape.
Social Impacts: Industrialization led to significant changes in social hierarchies, the rise of a consumer culture, and the growth of labor unions advocating for workers' rights.
Environmental Effects: The industrial revolution caused pollution, poor living conditions in urban areas, and an increase in diseases due to inadequate sanitation.
Political Changes: New ideologies emerged, including socialism and utilitarianism, advocating for worker rights and societal reforms.