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CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH METHOD
Reliability
Test-retest
inter-rater: observers look for other behaviors in people, IOA
internal consistency- are we seeing consistency from the start to the end of the assessment
Walidity
Construct: actually measuring what it is trying to assess
convergent construct: checks if a test correlates well with other measures of the same construct
discriminate construct: where scores don't correlate with unrelated constructs;
divergent construct: ensures low correlation with measures of different constructs
Content: does my meausre cover all the parts I need to cover (eg. all levels of intellegence)
Criterion: how well our test are measuring concrete outcome/criterian
Types of Data
S data (self-report)— easy to gather but can be subjective/biased
I-data (informant)— ask for feedback of someone else; real-world perspective however can still be biased
B-data: go out and make assumptions of what they are doing; objective, however, can cause demand characteristics
L-data (life data): observable (record, health, education, economic status however does not factor in all the factors (cultural context
Deductive/inductive reasoning
-deductive: general to specific
-inductive: going from specific to general
Difference between characteristics, traits and patterns
5 distinct principles
psychdynamic
humanistic-postive (maslow rogers; positive aspects of human behaviors
dispositional (trait) (allport, identifiying consistent predisopse personality traits that influence behavior across situations; describe the traits rather than the cause)
biological evolutionary
learning/social contive
6 criteria for a useful theory
gerates research
falsifiable
orgaized data and explains knowledge
does it suggest practical solutions to everyday problems _> guides action
internally consistent
simple/parsimonious
Method of test Construction
rational- using al existing theories and expert judgment of what the test should assess
factor analytic- statistical techniques to identify gorup of items that correlate together
wmperiial- select ideas based on how different they are between known groups (depressed vs not depressed)
combine approach
represtative sampling
mundane realism
field experiement
experiemental realism
naturalist obervation
CHAPTER 2 FREUD
Preconscious: not yet accessible information, but can be concious
Access Unconcious
dream analysis
wish fulfillment (symbolic expression), we dream it because it would cause too much anxiety to face it when we are conscious
Manifest content: what the dream appears to be about; Surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer
Latent content: what the dream was trying to tell you, look at the symbols and see what it means; the unconcious meaning
Transference: Strong, undeserved feelings that the patient develops toward the analyst during the course of treatment
Dream Work:
Condensation: all conflicts come together in one dream symbol
Displacement: a defense mechanism, we take something that bothers us and put it into something else
Insights of the Unconcious
Parapraxis: slip of the tongue of our conscious motives
Humor: truest things are said in jest
Projective test:
thematic Apperception test: show an image and have the person interpret it (make up story)
Rorschach inkblot test: analyse the blot to interpret feelings
Criticism of Freud
excess complexity (not parsimonious)
method of data collection is not falsifiable
poor operational definitions
Overemphasis on sex- psychoanalysis is very time-consuming and costly
Conscience vs ego-ideal
conscience: experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells people what they should not do
ego ideal- experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells people what they should do.
Defense Mechansims
respression: threaten by undersirable id so it represses those impulses forcung threatening feelings into the unconcious
displacement: people redirect their unacceptable urges onto variety of people or objects so that the origional impulses is disguised or concealed/ can be in dream formation
sublimination: repression of the genital aim of eros bu substituting a cultural or social aim/ redirects unacceptable urges into socially acceptable productive behavior (eg. art, athletic competitiveness)
projection: reduces anxiety by attributing an unwanted impulse to another person
introjection: incorporate positive qualities of another person into their ego
regression: returning to ealiear stages in order to protect the ego against anxiety
fixation: when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development thus making change or psychological growth difficult
reaction formation: a person represses one impulse and adopts the exact opposite form of behavior
psychsexual development
erogenious zone: area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation; pleasure
oral phase: attempts to gain pleasure through the activity of the mouth
stages of Oedipus complex (success: healthy dependence on others; unsucessful: fixation, adult oral behaviors (smoking excess talkking, dependency, smoking)
Anal phase: bowel and bladder control (success; self control, sense of accomplishment; fixation: anal-retentive (obsessively orgainxed rigid) anal-expulsive (disorganized, reckless) (early anal likes destroying, late anal interest in feces)
phallic stage: sexual identity development; a childs unconcsios desire and rivalry of their parents (success: develop same-sex parent values; fixation: sexual confusion, flirtatiousness, over-assertiveness)
Latency stage: inhibit sexual feelings to focus on other stuff (success: develop communication skills and confidence; fixation: social awkwardness, lack close friendships)
Genital stage: mature sexual intamacy, well-blance personality (success: loving mature sexual relationships and contribute to society; fixation: cause by early stages not resolved- struggle with intamcy, emotionally immature)
Oedipus complex
women: devope penis envy, which causes them to resent their mothers and turn to their fathers for the acknowledgement that they can make a boy; they can reject sexuality, embrace masculinity, or develope Oedipus. Resolve looks like leading a weaker super ego
Male: rival their father and crave their mothers love and affection; fear losing their penis (castration anxiety), in the end the boy learns fathers rules and forms basic right and wrong
repressed memories
Neurotic symptoms
unconcious expressions of unresolved internal conflict
CHAPTER 3 ADLER
Subjective experieences
create world view: world safe or dangerous
guiding fiction: ideas I will carry with me for my future, what would the future hold
lifestyle: everyday activities we performed while pursuing our goals
social interest: concerns for others and society, a healthy lifestyle
mistaken lifestyle: lacking social interest, exaggerated importance, fail to develope interest in others
Birth Order
first- lots of pressure, vulnerable to fear of dethronement, and not
second: best case scenerio, strive for superiority; mature toward moderate compet
youngest: spoiled, undermines desire to strive
only: center of attention
family constellation: dunamic and relationship in the family (borth order, gender of siblinings, age spread between them
Safeguarding
excuses: uses reasonable sounding justifications become convince of the reality of selferected obstacles
Accusation (aggression): tedency to blame ofthers for ones failure and week revenge
depreciation (aggression): tendency to undervalue other peoples achievements and overvalue one’s own
Withdrawal: safeguarding through distance (moving backwards (stuck in the past), standing still (taking no action to avoid failture), hesitating (procrastination, its too late now), constructing obstacles (least severe))
Masculine protest
The masculine protest is a condition where people overemphasize the importance of being manly.
Cultural and social practices, not anatomy, influence the importance placed on being manly.
Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men
Treatment
focus on there current abilities
community involvment
enhance children social interest by fostering a sense of beloning
value human relationships and promote social interest
Critiques of Adler
lacks operational definitions
lack internal consistency
social interest: barometer of normality; deep concern and welfare for others
Secon
CHAPTER 4 JUNG
Psych: raw material and totality of all psychological processes of your personality including:
conscious minf
collective consciousness: psychic images sensed by ego (archetypes
personal unconscious
Types of Archetypes
Persona
Shadow; first test of courage is to get to know this
Anima: feminine aspect of the male psyche
Animus: masculine aspect of female psych (Katniss)
Great mother: nurturing but devouring (witch)
Wise old man: sage/mentor figure
Hero: growth and transformations
The Self***: uniting all the oppositional elements into one
Attitudes: orientations of our psychic energy****
Introversion: energy flowing inward our inner world; energized by solitude, reflect with themselves first (toward the subjective)
extraversion: energy flowing outwards towards the external world; act then refects later (away from their subjective) (widely accepted standards of judgement)
Functions: way of processing information *******
thinking: logical and objective reasoning; true or false
Feeling: what feels best for me; is it good for me or others (rational)
Sensations: direct perceptions, present
Intuition: perception of possibilities and patterns; potential meaning and future implecation (what can this become) (irrational)
Criticism
too spiritual
unverifiable archetypes
theory is inclear and inconsistent
impossible to falsify
irrational fucntions
Monarchic: childhood phase characterize by development of ego and beginning of logical thinking
Complexes: emotionally toned grouping of associated ideas
Instinct: unconcious physical impulse toward action
Progression: iforward flow of psychic energy
Self- center of conciousness
Psychic potential: collective unconcious passed on from one generation to the nexr
primary source of archetypal material : dreams
Conservative pronciple: desire to live in the past
CHAPTER 5 Klein OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY AND MAHLER
OBJECT RELATIONS: interpersonal relations, ***
Believed normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety cause by needs not being met
Freuds Motivation Theory
impetus: amount of fource
source: body experiencing tension (erogenous zones)
aim: reduce pain, increase pleasure
object: how we are going to satisfy the aim
Phantasies: psychic representations of unconscious id instinct
4 principles of object relations
internalization: mental representation of relationships (parents relationship into friendship and relationships
Projection: unconsciously impose images onto new people (father beahvior —> partner will behave
Repitition: recreate familiar relationship patterns
Integration: health developing realist ???
Themes
emphasize on childhood
Types of Anxiety
paranoid: infants fear of persecution, hostile world belief, defensive strategies to others before getting hurt by others
Depressive: concern for the welfare of loved objects, infants recognize their aggessive impusles can damage or destroy loved ones (insult → make sad); guilt and genuine concerns for others
Attachment theory
attachment: connection between us and caregiver, long-term feeling of closeness
John bowbly: mother create safe haven and secure (monkey wired and cloth mom) / designed the strange situation paradign to measure attachment
Mary ainswork: research-move gets up and leave to see what the child does
Ambivalent-craves intamacy and closeness but worry about rejection
1 year old: upset over separation but not soothed by return
6 year old: shows resistance and hostility upon return
Mahler***
separation individuation
Heinz Kohut
replaced the idea of ego with the concept of self and put forth the idea of selfobjects
CHAPTER 6 HORNEY PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY, FEMININE PSYCH
Emphasized consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships and felt that human contact is a prime motivator for behavior
Basic Anxiety
basic evil: feeling that the world is untrustworthy and evil →
basic hostility: feeling of anger →
basic anxiety: fear of being alone and helpless in a hostile world
Neurotic Needs
moving towards people (overly compliant)
moving against people
moving away from people
Neurotic Pride: false pride based on a unrealistic self image stemming off insecurity (eg. bragging about accomplishments to mask insecurity, public validation)
disagreed Penis envy— men have womb envy
CHAPTER 7 ERIKSON POST FREUDIAN THEORY
Psychsocial psychology
empahsised development
li fespan development: the idea that development processes continue throughout life
ego identity: overall sense of self that emerges from transactions with social realities
psychosocial crisis: interpersonal issue dealt by growing or more vulnerability
Stages of Psychosocial Development ORDER AND STRENGTHS
oral sensory— trust vs mistrust; hope
early childhood muscular anal stage— autonomy vs shame and doubt; will (potty training body control)
Play age/ genitial locomotor mode— initiative vs guilt; purpose (phallic stage
School age latency— industry vs inferiority confusion; competence (latency phase,
adolescent— identity vs identity confusion; fidelity (genital phase, choose educational path, make everyone happy but can’t)
young adulthood genitality— intimacy vs isolation; love (finding romance, choosing family)
adulthood procreativity— generativity vs stagnation; care (am i making an impact in the world I care about)
old age— interfrity vs despair; wisdom (reflect on life)