Forced Involuntary Migration and Voluntary Migrations

Forced migrations: People have no choice but to leave.
Review:
- Immigrants: People entering a country.
- Emigrants: People leaving a country.
Types of forced migration:
- Slavery.
- Refugees and asylum seekers.
- IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons).

Detaining a human against their will.
Includes human trafficking (sex trafficking, labor trafficking from LDCs to MDCs).
Four types (according to the United States State Department):
- Bonded labor/debt bondage: Owe a debt; example: lured to America with job offers, but wages are withheld to pay off transportation debt.
- Domestic servitude: Maids, butlers held in bondage by confiscating passports.
- Forced child labor: Children forced to work in camps, sometimes by family, to pay off debt or support the family.
- Child soldiers: Children under 18 forced to fight in civil wars.

Forced to emigrate due to:
- Political factors: Religious or political persecution, severe human rights violations.
- War: Civil war or war against a foreign state.
- Environmental factors: Drought, famine, disease, severe weather (hurricanes, tornadoes), tectonic events (volcanoes, earthquakes).

Refugees seeking protection in another country.
Seeking protection from violence or economic hardship.
Example:
- Increase in asylum seekers from Syria to the European Union due to conflict and political unrest.

Leaving country of origin and entering another country.
Maintaining strong connections to country of origin.
Settling in areas with similar migrants.
- Example: Salvadorians settling in Irving, Texas.
Leaving a mark on the cultural landscape.
- Example: Germans moving to Finland.

Livestock migration led by pastoralists.
Cyclical movement from highlands in summer to lowlands in winter.
Connected to trade routes.
- Example: Camel herders in Morocco moving herds from Atlas Mountains highlands to lowlands.
- Example: Cattle farmers in Switzerland moving cattle to highlands in summer and returning to lower elevations in winter.

Permanent moves within a country.
Often related to economics (job relocation) or better opportunities.
Influenced by culture (living near people with similar cultural traits).
Socioeconomic status: People tend to move to areas with similar socioeconomic demographics.
- Interregional migration: Moving from one region to another. Example: Pacific Northwest to Southeast United States (Florida).
- Intraregional migration: Movement within a region. Example: Austin, Texas, to San Antonio, Texas.
- Example: Californians moving to Texas with the shift of Toyota of North America from California to Plano, Texas.

Migration due to relationships with previous migrants (familial ties).
Eases the burden of migration.
Example: A daughter gaining citizenship in the U.S. and petitioning for her spouse or parents.

Series of starts and stops.
Involves intervening obstacles or opportunities.
- Example: Migrants from Senegal stopping in Casablanca, Morocco, en route to Barcelona, Spain, and then Berlin, Germany, attracted by relaxed migrant policies in European Union nations.

Temporary workers with permission to be in a country.
Working in fields such as medicine (specializations in high demand) and education (professors, researchers, students).
- Example: Seeing guest workers in the construction trade in Oman.
Remittances: Sending a portion of salary back home. $Remittances \text{ in Spanish dinero}$ Money sent back to support family members or saved in foreign banks.
- Example: Nurse from the Philippines in the U.S. sending money home to her family.

Moving from rural areas to cities.
Drawn by economics, job opportunities, housing, and available services.
Example: Moving from Maybank, Texas, to Dallas due to better job market and housing stock.