World H Notecards
1. Chronology – a sequence of events
2. Source – the place origin of information
3. Artifact – a non-written record of an event
4. Hypothesis- a tentative answer taking all the preliminary evidence into conclusion
5. Bias- prejudicial point of view
6. Causation – the process of how events occurred
7. Evidence – information that can be used to prove or falsify a case
8. Secondary Source – information gained second hand, stories who was not actually there, complications of reconstructed details
9. Primary Source – letters laws, official documents, newspapers diaries, photographs, personal accounts, written or created the time of a particular historical event
10. History – the study of past events, particularly in human affairs
11. Unit 2
Surplus – more than necessary
12. Traditional Economy – relies on habit, custom, or ritual and tends to not change over time
13. Civilization – complex, highly organized social order
14. Polytheism – believed in many gods
15. Monotheism – belief in one god
16. Specialization – humans become talented at one task, as opposed to spreading their efforts across many
17. City-State- political unit that included a city and its surrounding land and villages
18. Empire- a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler
19. Civil Law – deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, poverty, inheritance, taxes marriage and divorce
20. Bureaucracy – system of government through a department and subdivisions administer by officials who follow a set of rules
21. Moses
22. Covenant – promise with God
23. Jewish People
24. Phoenicians – in modern Lebanon, Syria, were sailors, manufacturers and traders. Made glass from sand, developed the alphabet, set up colonies to promote trade
25. Hammurabi’s Code -the first attempt to set in writing laws that would govern each state
26. Cuneiform – Latin for wedge, used to record bought goods in temple storehouses
27. The Epic of Gilgamesh - is an ancient Mesopotamian poem about the king Gilgamesh's quest for immortality and his journey with his friend Enkidu, exploring themes of friendship, mortality, and wisdom.
28. Persian Empire - founded by Cyrus the Great, was one of the largest empires of the ancient world, known for its vast territory, efficient administration, and cultural tolerance
Unit 3 – Greece and Rome
Trojan War – fought between Athenas and Troy
29. Oligarchy- power in hands of a small group of wealthy, elite
30. Monarchy – Hereditarily ruler who exercises central power
31. Aristocracy – rule by hereditary land holding elite
32. Sparta – city state conquered by Dorians; children joined military at 7
33. Athens -located in Attica,
34. Straight - narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
35. Mediterranean Sea -
36. Balkan Sea
37. Alliance- formal agreement
38. Polis – Greek City-state
39. Legislature- law making body
40. Monarchy – Hereditary ruler who exercises central power
41. Geography of Greece – had many mountains/valleys, causing independent city states to form cut off from each other
42. Importance of Art in History
43. Persian Empire
44. Peloponnesian League -led by Sparta
45. Delian League – led by Athenas, the purpose was to defend against Persia
46. Pericles- leader in Greece during the golden age
47. Athenian Democracy- only citizens could participate in gov/for landowning men only
48. Peloponnesian War
49. Women in Greece
50. Alexander the Great
51. Legacies of Greece
Plebians- had legal rights of citizenship but little influence
52. Patricians – land holding upper class
53. Republic
54. Consul - 2 people who would supervise the business of government and command army, only could serve 1 ter,
55. Dictator – government who has complete control and rule
56. Tribune – protected interests of plebians
57. Veto – block laws
58. 12 Tablets – laws of Rome set up in the Forum
59. Roman Law
60. Legion – maintained and protector roads
61. Martyr – someone who dies for there faith
62. Pax Romana – Roman peace
63. Civil Law – legal system, based on written codes and statues, originating in Rome
64. Messiah – savior in Christianity, to bring Salvation or Restoration
65. Edict of Milan – granted by emperor Constantine to grant religious tolerance
66. Christianity
67. Culture on Italian Peninsula before Rome
68. Romulus and Remus – tale of 2 brothers would founded Rome
69. Carthage – city state known for its trade dominance and rivalry with Rome
70. Hannibal – Carthaginian general known for his tactics during Second Punic war
71. Julius Caesar - Ambitious military commander
72. Causes for the fall of Rome - invasions, corruptions and economic decline
73. Feudalism - A medieval European political and social system where land was exchanged for military service, emerging after the fragmentation of authority following Rome's fall
74. Unit 5 - Rise of Europe
Medieval Time – medieval era, rise of feudalism, collapse of Christian church, and spread of plague
75. Feudalism – A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divide their landholdings among lesser lords
76. Vassal – lesser lords would pledged their services and loyalty to the greater lord
77. Fief - a piece of land or other rights granted to a vassal in exchange for services, payments, or feudal allegiance to a lord or king
78. Feudal Contract - Political and economic relationship between lords and vassals based on the exchange of land for loyalty and military service
79. Sacraments – sacred rights administered by the church
80. Papal Supremacy – authority or all secular rulers
81. Secular – not religious
82. Excommunication - could not receive sacraments or have a Christian burial
83. Interdict – to forbid or prohibit
84. Middle Class – ranked between peasants and nobles
85. Unit 6 - High and Late Middle Ages
Common Law - Legal system based on custom and court rulings
86. Jury - Group of men sworn to speak the truth
87. Habeas Corpus - Principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
88. Nation Sate - Regions that share a government and that are independent of other states
89. Parliament- Commons” joined together with clergy and Lords, Commons included two knights from each county and representatives of the towns ,Developed into House of Lords and House of Commons ,Could limit power of monarch by obtaining “Power of the
Purse”
90. Lay Investiture - a conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Roman Catholic church over the power to appoint bishops and other church officials as defined in the papal document Dictatus papae
91. Inquisition. - a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
92. Inflation – rising prices
93. Schism – a split
94. William the Conqueror - (William the Bastard, but don’t
call him that, he’ll kill you)- led troops from Normandy (France) and defeated his rival, Harold, for the throne of England
95. Magna Carta - Great Charter, Contained two ideas that would shape the future of
English government
1.) Asserted that the nobles had certain rights, Over time, these rights were available to others
2.) Made it clear that the monarch must obey the law.
96. Unit 7 -Renaissance and Reformation
Humanism - Prime importance is of the human rather than divine or supernatural
97. Vernacular - every day language of ordinary people
98. Utopia – book written by Sir Thomas More which depicts a perfect society
99. Indulgences - A lessening of time the soul would have to spend in purgatory
100. 95 Thesis - written by Martian Luther, argued against indulgences and other practices in catholic church
101. Council of Trent - Organized to establish the direction the reformation of the church should take
102. Ghetto -segregated neighborhoods for Jewish people
103. Sect - a religious group that has broken away from an established church
104. Compromise - acceptable middle ground,
105. Henry VIII – king of England who married 6 times and left the catholic church
106. Italian Renaissance
107. Renaissance – period of
108. Martin Luther – monk who wrote 95 Thesis and started the Protestant revolution
109. Machiavelli’s The Prince – depicts how a ruler should rule, using whatever means
110. Johan Tetzel - was a Dominican friar and preacher who sold indulgences, which contributed to the Protestant Reformation
111. Influence of spices – used in food flavoring, as well as preservative, highly sought after and drove more exploration to new trade routes
112. Prince Henry the Navigator – funded and promoted trips to Africa, seeking new routes to Asia and Africa's gold resources
113. Portugal - A country on the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal was a major player in early exploration, particularly in Africa and Asia, seeking new trade routes and establishing colonies, especially in places like Brazil and parts of Africa
114. Cartographer – a map maker
115. Vasco de Gama - A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea, sailing around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) to establish direct trade routes with Asia.
116. Christopher Columbus - An Italian explorer, sponsored by Spain, who is credited with discovering the Americas in 1492 while attempting to find a westward route to Asia. His voyages opened the way for European colonization of the Americas.
117. Spain - Another major European nation involved in exploration, Spain funded voyages like those of Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan. Spain established colonies in the Americas and Asia.
118. Line of Demarcation - A boundary established by the Pope in 1493 that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal. Lands to the west were granted to Spain, and those to the east to Portugal. This helped resolve disputes over overseas expansion
119. Treaty of Tordesillas - An agreement between Spain and Portugal, signed in 1494, that moved the Line of Demarcation further west to give Portugal more of Africa and Asia, and Spain more of the Americas. It was intended to prevent conflict between the two nations over newly discovered territories
120. Amerigo Vespucci - An Italian explorer for whom the Americas were named. Vespucci explored the coast of South America and was among the first to suggest that the lands discovered by Columbus were part of a New World, separate from Asia
121. Ferdinand Magellan - A Portuguese explorer leading the first expedition to circumnavigate (sail around) the globe. Though Magellan was killed in the Philippines, his fleet continued the journey, proving that the Earth was round and that the world was interconnected
122. Circumnavigate – circle around the whole globe
123. Answer Wrap Up Questions!!!
124. Mombasa and Malindi - Coastal cities in East Africa (modern-day Kenya) that were significant trading hubs during the Age of Exploration. Both cities had interactions with Portuguese explorers, as they were key locations for the Indian Ocean trade network
125. Why did Europeans want African slaves? Europeans needed slaves for labor in the Americas, particularly on sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations. The indigenous populations in the Americas were often decimated by disease, so Africans were brought to replace them as a source of cheap, manual labor
126. African rulers’ role in the slave trade Many African rulers played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. They would capture and sell prisoners of war or people from rival tribes to European traders in exchange for goods like guns, textiles, and alcohol
127. Missionary – a person sent to spread the gospel
128. Alfonso I - he king of the Kongo Kingdom (modern-day Angola) in the 16th century. He was initially friendly to Portuguese missionaries and trade, but later became critical of the slave trade and its impact on his kingdom, trying unsuccessfully to end it.
129. Trying to eliminate slavery - Some African rulers, such as King Alfonso I, attempted to stop the slave trade in their regions due to its destructive effects on their societies. However, European demand for slaves often made these efforts unsuccessful
130. Asante Kingdom - A powerful West African state that emerged in the 17th century, centered in modern-day Ghana. The Asante engaged in the slave trade, but they also maintained a degree of political and military independence, often trading slaves in exchange for European goods
131. Monopoly – one group or company controls the economy for a certain thing
132. Oyo Empire - A Yoruba-speaking empire located in present-day Nigeria, the Oyo Empire was a major power in West Africa. The Oyo Empire was involved in the transatlantic slave trade, capturing and selling slaves to European trader
133. Cape Town - A city in modern-day South Africa, founded by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 as a supply station for ships traveling between Europe and Asia. It was the first permanent European settlement in South Africa
134. Boers - Dutch settlers in South Africa, known as Boers (Afrikaans for "farmers"), who established their own communities and played a significant role in the expansion of European influence in southern Africa. Over time, their descendants became known as Afrikaners
135. Unit 8
136. Charles I - King of England, Scotland, and Ireland whose conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War.
137. Hapsburg Empire - A central European dynasty that ruled over a vast territory from the late Middle Ages to the early 20th century.
138. Charles V - The Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain who ruled over a vast empire in the 16th century.
139. Phillip II - King of Spain from the House of Habsburg who expanded Spanish influence and strengthened the Catholic Church.
140. Absolute Ruler - A monarch who holds complete and undisputed power over the state and its people.
141. Divine Right – The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.
142. Spanish Armada - A large fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, ultimately defeated by the English navy.
143. Spain's decline - A period during the late 17th century when Spain lost its dominance as a European power.
144. Huguenots – French Protestants influenced by John Calvin, often persecuted in France.
145. Henry IV (France) - The first Bourbon king of France who issued the Edict of Nantes granting Huguenots rights.
146. Louis XIII - King of France who ruled with the guidance of his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu.
147. Cardinal Richelieu - Sought to destroy power of nobility and Huguenots; allowed them to practice but destroyed walled cities and disbanded armies; tied nobles to the king by appointing to highest government positions in court or the military; created networks of spies to bring down rivals; banned political discussions in public places.
148. Centralizing powers - The process of consolidating authority in a central government.
149. Louis XIV - Known as the Sun King, he ruled France for 72 years and is known for his absolute monarchy.
150. Fronde – An uprising where the nobles, merchants, peasants rebelled in order to protect their own role/power.
151. Intendents - Loyal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out his policies in the provinces.
152. Jean Baptiste Colbert – A French minister who imposed mercantilism policies to blaster economy.
153. Mercantilism – Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported to build up its supply of gold.
154. Versailles - A grand palace and center of political power in France built by Louis XIV.
155. Levee - The morning ritual during which the king rose from bed, marking an important ceremony at the court of Versailles.
156. Balance of Power - A political strategy to ensure that no one nation becomes too powerful through alliances and treaties.
157. James I - The first Stuart king of England who established the concept of the divine right of kings.
158. British Civil War - A series of civil wars in England between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the 17th century.
159. Roundheads - Supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War, typically comprised of Puritans and members of Parliament.
160. Cavaliers - Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, mainly from the nobility and landowners.
161. Oliver Cromwell - A military and political leader who led the Roundheads to victory and ruled as Lord Protector.
162. Charles II - King who restored the monarchy after the Interregnum period following Cromwell's rule.
163. William and Mary - Rulers who came to power during the Glorious Revolution and accepted the English Bill of Rights.
164. English Bill of Rights - An act passed in 1689 outlining specific rights of Parliament and individuals, limiting the powers of the monarch.
165. Constitutional Monarchy - A form of government in which the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.
166. 30 Years War - A series of wars fought in Europe from 1618 to 1648, which involved many of the continent's major powers and was initially sparked by religious conflicts.
