Ch 8

Good evening, everyone. Thanks for being on time. We're starting a new chapter today, chapter 8 is on path of inheritance. So we're going to look at different traits. But before we start looking at traits in humans, we're going to look at traits and plants, because it's a little bit easier to study impact. As a reminder, the learning objectives are at the beginning PowerPoint. What I recommend that you do, as you're studying, is go through each slides first, talk it out with the friend. If something is confusing, read the part in your book. help me and then go back into yourjections. Now, after you do the objectives, you have to go back and review the objectives without looking at the notes. So just doing the objective once, um, would not be enough if you're still struggling. So with inheritance, we get our genetic materials from our parents. Some of us may look very similar to our parents, but at the end of the day, we do have different DNA. If you remember bromeosis. There are organisms that pass on the exact right to their offspring. So those organisms participate in asexual reproduction. They're passing on a continuous trait. There's going to be continuous variation. The offspring looks like their parents. Wow. Humans and a lot of organisms, the majority of the organisms, we have discontinuous variation where we may have certain traits that are similar to our parents, but at the end of the day, we are two different people and we do look different. If you take a look at this image of a mom and her 2 sons, you can see that both of these sons, they are hers and they share the same dad as well. Except for one son who looks very the 2 sons, they look different. If you see these 2 kids out on the street, you wouldn't think that they are brothers, but they are. They come from the same mom and the same dad. This is an example of discontinuous variation. Which is really interesting. Genetics is a very interesting deal. So before we get into human inheritance, et cetera, let's study plans first. Gregor Mendel, he was an Australian monk, and with the written records that we have currently, it's been shown that he is considered the father of genetics because he contributes to a lot of genetics finding. Gregor Mendel was famous for studying cheese. And even though peas are so simple, he actually found a variety of traits in heat. Peas, they can be yellow, they can be green. If you take a look at the texture of heat, they can be smooth, they can also be round. If you take a look at the flowers where peas grows from, you can have very tall flowers, short flowers, the flowers can be white and purple. So these are all the traits that you can find me. Gregor Metal, he characterized the different traits by using a term called illegal. That's what we're going to talk about in a couple minutes. What we did was he took parents that are considered purebred, And we crossed them together, and they produce a set of outsprits. The offspring is considered the F1 generation. He then took those off straight and crossed them with each other. That's considered the two generations. So P, that's the parental generation, this is what we start off with. The rentals are purebred. We brought them together, they produce offspring. The F1 is the first generation of offspring from the parents' generation, and then you cross the offspring with each other, and they produce F2, which is the second generation. So, how this works, if you take a look at this diagram, is the parental generation, there, um, one parent has the purebred trait for purple flowers. The other one has a trait for white flowers. What regular mental study was that he showed that the purple color is the dominant color. As long as you have one single illegal that expresses the trait for purple, all the offspring will be purple. So, these two pairs are considered purebred, because within them, they have 2 allios and the Leos code are the same thing. In our body, whatever traits that you have, you always have 2 copies of the Leo for that trade. One for mom and one for back. Sometimes your alleges are the same, sometimes you're illegal or heterozygis, meaning that you have 2 different sets of illo. In the parental generation, in the parents generation, the 2 parents are purebred. So, for example, this parent that has purple flowers, the 2 illegals are a capital P and a capital P. In the second pair, it's purebred as well, but this pair is white. They have two alleles, but they're both lowercase pe. That is what pure friendss are. So when he crossed a purebred purple with a purebred white, the F1 generation, you can see that all the flowers that were produced were purple. Even though all the flowers produced were purple, if you take a look at their genetic sequence, et cetera, they do look, they do have different genetic sequence from the purebred parents. The interesting thing is that from the F1 generation, when he crossed the purple flowers with one another, he sees that the offspring, 75% of them were purple, but 25% of them are white. We didn't see this before. So that is what we're going to study today. How this works. So you start off with 2 of your grandparents, the at one generation, they're all purple, they all show that dominant trait. And the F2 generation shows both tricks, both purple and white flowers. Before we start doing the public square and crossing trades with one another, we have to understand what we're working with. To characterize a trade, we use a legal. A legal can be any letter that you choose from the alphabet. It's just a language that we use to code for a trade. A capital, a Leo. So for example, a capital A, codes for the dominant trait. A lowercase A, code for the recessant trade. In this example, the purple and the white flower, which one was the dominant tree? purple or white? Purple. So, in order for a plant to express purple color, and you take a look at their genotype, they should have 2 allel, the 2 allel can be either baby and baby, or they eat and little beef. As long as there is one big pee, as long as there's that one dominant illegal, the color of the flower is going to be purple. In order for the flour to be white, it has to have a little P and a little P. That is considered. So you have a dominant trait that's owned by a capital letter and the recessive trait, which is coded by a lowercase letter. This brings us into the difference between phenotype and genotype. Beino type is what we see. so we can see purple, flowers, we can see white flowers. Fetal type, and humans, we can have straight hair or curly hair. We can have brown eyed, blue eyes, et cetera. So female type is what you physically see. Genotype is a genetic makeup. So, for example, if you look around the classroom and you have brown hair, and you see another person with brown hair, you guys may have the same penal type in that you both have brown hairs. But when you take a look at your email type, which is your genetic makeup, it should bear from one individual to another individual. Homo zygis describes two allios that are the same. So, for example, if you have big, egg, bake, egg, that's homozite. If you have little A, little A, that's also formal dietis. Heroseite is is when you have a b A and a little egg. So, Gregor Mendo, he was famous for doing a model and a guy hybrid cross. He used a punned square to predict the probabilities of future offspring. So now let's put everything that we learn into perspective. Let's just do the flower color for the pea colors in this case. Gregor Mendo, he studied peace. Remember, peas was, there's such a good, um, model organisms to study because they have a variety. They can be yellow, they can be green, they can be tall, short. The textures of the peas can be wrinkled around. So peas, they're actually a very good model organism. When we take a look at P colors, the yellow color is the dominant color. In this example, we're just going to use uppercase P for yellow color. But remember, you can use any letter to code for the alleo. Green pea, that is their recessive trade. So the recessive trait is going to be the lowercase letter. The parental generation, they are always the peerbred. So when you cross the original 2 parents together, you want to make sure that you have a parent that is yellow and a paradise green, but they need to be homogygic, meaning that if it's baking, it has to have another big heat at the end of it. So this right here is considered homozygous dominant. Having that yellow trait that is a dominant trait. As long as there is one uppercase P, that codes for the dominant shring. The green peas, this is the recesset trade. In order for the peas to be green, there needs to be 2 lowercase peas. This is homozygous recessive. So you have a homozygous, dominant parent, which is a yellow one, and a homozygous recessed parent, which is a green one. They are both purebred. They're both pomozagan. Although one is called like is dominant and the other one is homodagnous perceptive. They are both pure wrecked. To set up a mono hybrid cross, you draw a square with four boxes inside. And the word mono means one, So when you're doing a mono hybrid cross, you're just looking at one trick. So so far we're just studying one train today. This is how you set it up. Put one parring on top and the other parent to the side. So I use capital P up here and lower keycase on the side. This parrot right here is homo zygas dominant. What color is this parent on top? Yellow or green? Yellow. And then on the bottom is green. And then all you have to do is just combine the letters together, combine the illegals together. So in this 1st box, you have uppercase P, lowercase P. This right here produces an offspring that is heterozygous. In the 2nd box, you cross this big pea with this little pea. You produce another offspring that is also heterozygous. What do you get in the 3rd box here? when you cross this big P and this little pee? What kind of offspring do you get? a homo ideas or a heerosagis? Pederals, I guess. And same thing with the last one. heterositis. So, what we see here is we produce offspring that are heterozymes. This is their genot type. Genotype is their genetic makeup, what their illegal looks like. So here we have ao that are heterozygous for the offspring. What will be the phenot type of the offspring? Will they be yellow or green? They will be yellow. Well, all of them be yellow? Yes. So all the offspring, they will be yellow. That is their phenyl type. Their geno type, though, their genetic makeup is heterozygous. So all the offspring, they look like the dominant parents. So although they may look like the dominant parent in terms of their color, their genotypes are different. For the parents, it's whole like dominant before the offspring is heterozygous. So they have the same phenot type, but they have different genotypes. All right, take one minute and explain this punned square to a partner. Talk about ao. Gino type, and pino type. If you have any questions, just let me know. All right, everyone. So let's go over this example together. Using the correct terminology. What kind of organism are we studying here? It's a type of it's a piece. It grows from a flower. So, these peas, the parental generation, we're working with parents that are peer bred, meaning that they are a whole zitis. What are the 2 phenotypes that we're looking at? Yellow and green. We use the alo P to code for the genot type. For the original parent, one of them is homo zygons dominant, meaning that they have both upper case P. So this parent is going to be which color, yellow or green? Yellow. The other parent is also a purebred, but the other parent is a homo's ideas recessive. So the parent has the genotype, little P, little P. You set up the equation like this or not equation, but you set up the punits where, like, any questions on how to set up the punits where? When you cross all the illegals together, he is known as the illegal. You'll see that all the offsprings are they homoygons or are they heterosis? Heterozygis. As long as they have one upper case P, they are going to show that dominant trait, which is yellow. So the genotype of the offspring are heterozygous. They have different genotype compared to the original yellow parents. However, their phenotype, what they look like, is the same as the yellow hair. So phenotype is the same but cheetot type is different. So the offspring from the 1st parental generation, this is the F1 generation. The 1st generation of offspring from the 2 peerbred parents. What Gregor Mendo did next is now he crossed the offspring with each other. So he t a heterositis with a heavosis. So in this next example, you're starting off with parents that are heteros, I guess. They're from the F1 generation from before. So you got the parents generation, their offspring is the F one generation. Now, Gregor Mendo crossed the F1 generation with one another. So we're going to have to set up a new hunt for our house. So Haley, you tell me what Ao are you putting up here? Um... Oh, oh wait, I'm sorry. Make me alone. Very good. Baby P and Lil P, okay? And then Celia, is it Celia or Cecilia, studying Celia? What are the parents that are going what is the parent that's down here? the human? That's the same thing. How will people be? Very good. So both parents are heterositis. These are parents from which generation, the parent generation, or the F1 generation? The F1 generation. All right, Ashley, go ahead and tell me what you got for this 1st square. What is the genotype for this offspring? AP? Very good. B p and baked pe. So we can also say this as homoyas dominant or recessive. If it's baked heat, baking, would that be home all night is dominant or receptible. dominant. So, let's practice using those terms instead of saying baked beef, make me little beans, et cetera. But if you want to use the upper paper, that's fine. So here, this offspring, what color will this offspring have, yellow or green? Yellow. All right. Remind me again, Vanessa. Vanessa. back by the way. So the 2nd square right here, what's going to be the genotype of the offspring here? Very good, baby little P. So this one is a table like it or a heterositis. Hederolyte is. So what color will this offspring have? Yellow or green? Yellow, right? As long as it has that dominant aliyah, which is p, it's going to be yellow regardless. All right, Brian, what did you get for this box right here? This third box? Or the genot type. Very good. Also another heterosyus. So also go to be yellow. And then Uriel, what did you get for the last box? Oh ladies. Very good. Homo like is perceptive. Eating Chinese bones be little pee and little pee. So, what is quite interesting is that when you cross two heterozytas as parents, they produce offspring of different genotypes and genotypes. There is a 25% chance that the offspring will be yellow and be homosite is dominant. There's a 50% chance that the offspring will be yellow, but heterozygous. And then there's a 25% chance that the offspring will be mobile scientists recessive and be that green color. Do you guys have any questions with this? The offspring here is the F2 generation. So, any questions with the difference between the parental, the F1, and the X? Okay, so let's do some examples on the board together. Let's do a cool trait and again, an overly simplifying this. Let's do eye color. We're going to use B and little B. Baby and Little B. Remember, these are a Leos, and our body, how many copies of the Leos do we have for a certain tree? Oh, those are the pronos Oh, okay. In terms of theo, how many do we have? Two, because we get one from mom and one from dad. So we're going to use bean for eye color. And again, this example, It's very simple and there's more factors that can contribute to eye color. But for simplicity's sake, I do want to show you a full example. So, the most common iris color is the human population is which color? What's the most common eye color around, right? So let's work with brown eye colors and blue eye colors. So, the B is an allego that podes for eye color. As long as you have a baby, you're going to express that brown Irish shade in your eye. The little B is going to code for blue eye pose. Again, this is an overly simplified example. Let's start off with purebred parents. One parent is going to be homogyous, dominant, so they have a baby and a baby. What's gonna be the eye color for this parent? From brown. The other parrot is going to be, homo zyke is recessive. They're going to have both little B, and they will have blue eye color. Any questions with our setup so far? So these parents, they're considered the P, the parental generation. When you cross the parent using a planet square, I'm just gonna put the dominant on the top, and the recessant on the bottom. Knowing what we know, without even doing the punit square, tell me what is going to be in the genotype of their offspring. All heterodygus. All heterodeitous, meaning a big B, and a little B. What color will their offspring, what eye color? while their offsprings have? All brown. So the F1 generation, What is the geno type for the F1 generation? Heteroszyis or homosygis? Heterozygous. And all of the eye colors will be white, brown. Now, let's go ahead and cross the F1 generation with each other. So what we're going to do is which of our opponents square, you have a baby, a little bee, a baby, and a little bee. Any questions on how I set up the punish square for the F1 generation? So both of these parents, what kind of eye colors do they have? Brown, or blue, or brown. And that is referred to as the phenobite, what physically sees. When we cross them, we can see that there's a chance that they can produce an offspring that is homogeneous dominant, meaning the offspring will have brown eyes. There's also a chance that they can produce offsprings that are heterozygous and still have brown eyes. Can these parents produce, and these parents, both of them with brown eyes, and they produce an offspring that has blue eyes? Yes, yes. So here, what is the probability from the 2 haterozygas that their offspring will have blue eyes? 25%. So in the F2 generation, You have 25% chance that it's going to be homozitis dominant. So this is brown. 50% chance that it is general digis, also brown eyes, and then 25% chance, that it's homozygous, recessive, and have blue eyes. So this is really interesting. Sometimes you may see other people yourself, maybe, or you can have parents that have both brown eyes, but you have an offspring that has blue eyes. It's really cool. You can also have parents. Both of them have brown hair, but they can use offsprings that have blonde hair or even red hair. So interesting how you genetics work. But anyway, any questions with this? Make sure you understand the difference between geno type and geno type. Genotypes are the allego language. And then fetal type is what you actually see. So that was the easy part, right? We did a mono hybrid process. We're going to move into a die hybrid cross pretty soon. But before we move into the diet hybrid cross, there are two logs that mend them figured out. The 1st one is the law of segregation. So if you remember in myosis, when we study the splitting of the cell crossing over, the law of segregation states that if you have an original gamete, sperm, or egg cell, and here is coding for a trade. Let's say the original parent has two copies of the allio that are heterozygous. The law of segregation merely states that when the gamines undergoes myosis, it can give an A to one cell, a big A to one cell, and a little A to another cell. It's a 50, 50% chance that the big A goes here and the little A goes here. It's very random on how the allegal are distributed. This is the law of segregation. So, again, the law segregation just merely states that you have an original self. It has 2 copies of the allego. When it undergoes myosis, it divides one of the gab itself will have the bae A, and the other gamine cell will have the little egg. Now, in terms of which gammies, It's chosen to fertilize an egg. It's a 50, 50% chance that the offspring will get a big A and another 50, 50% challenge that the offspring will get a little A. So these two, allel, It's not that one is better than the other in terms of segregating, you have a certain amount of cash I'm getting. This is the law of segregation. The next law that he figured out is also the law of independent sortmen. So here we are looking at 2 different traits. It could be eye color, it could be hair color, et cetera. In addition to one alleo set, segregating into two different gammets, you also have another alleo set segregating into the gamut. Let's say this Gabi right here gets a bake egg and it gets a big B. Whether this gammy gets a big A, it doesn't mean that it's going to get a big heat. This Gabby can get a big egg, but also get a big B. Same thing on the other hand. If this gami gets a little A to begin with and it gets a little B, it has the same chance of getting a little A and a big B. If you're confused about this, just understand just understand this as a perspective. There may be a higher possibility that you may have brown eyes, in both of your parents have have brown eyes, but you still have a chance of getting blue eyes as well. It's just the chances is lower, but you still have that equal chance. The probability is lower, but you still have a chance of getting the blue eye tray. We can talk about those laws later in your reviews, but I do want to move into the die hybrid process. The main point from those 2 laws is, it just tells you that you do have a probability of getting a set, a Leo, as long as your parents possess them. Now, we did the model hybrid cross in the beginning. Let's move into a die hybrid cross. It is not harder. It's very easy. The only thing that students struggle with is just setting the die hybrid squares up. Once you set it up properly and you know how to set it up, everything is very easy from now on. A auto hybrid cross, how many trait did we look at for the model hybrid process? Just one. So we can either look at the color, the texture, but regardless, we only looked at one trace. How many trays do they were going to look at for the die hybrid cross? Two. So now we are looking at both the color of the peas and the texture of the peas, whether it's round or wrinkle. Same thing as before, we're going to use the letter y to code from the color. It makes homozide is dominant, it's big white, big white, if it's homozide is receptive, it's little wine, little wine. For the for the texture of the beed, we're just gonna use the letter R. It doesn't matter if you use the letter A, B, E, D. It really doesn't matter. Just try to keep it consistent. So here for the texture of the P, we're just going to use R. Capital R codes for the dominant trait, the dominant trait is the rounded shape. Rounded piece, that is the dominant trait, and the wrinkle trait is considered a recessant trait. In order for the piece to be wrinkled, they need to have little R and little R. This is considered homocious recessant. If you take a look at the parents' generation, what we're starting off, you'll notice that they are all hobo diches. One of them is homoyas dominant, the other one is hobal knife is recessive. But regardless, they're all hoyas. Any questions about the genotype and the phenotype of the parent? So, we gotta set this up. Let's set up the dominant parents first. which have yellow and brown heat. They are dominant, so they have both copies of big Y and both copies of big R. With that said, it's very easy. If it's big Y and big R, they have the same coffee, you just set it up like this. Notice how there are 2 allios for each line. So if this is the dog homosytis, dominant, parent, big white, big arm, when you set up the homosytis recessive air, it's going to be very similar, but instead of big white, they are, it's going to be little white and little R. Any questions on how we set this up? Now, when you do the cross, instead of having 2 illegals at the end, you're going to have 4 illegals at the end. So here, you'll see that when you take cross from the dominant and the recessive parent, the offspring, their heterozygis for boleo. What is going to be the phenot type of this offspring? What color do they show? Will they be green or yellow? Yellow. And what about the texture of the pea? Will they be brown or wrinkle? Brown. So in terms of metal type, this offspring looks like the homo zyke is dominant parent. However, their genotype is not homo diet is dominant. Their genotype is actually heterozygous. For both yellow and brown. Now, any question up to this point, in terms of how we set up the punnet square? Without doing the next 15 squares, just tell me, the next 15 square, will they need the same as this one? Yes. So the next 16 squared will all be heterositous for both yellow and r. This right here is the F1 generation, the F1 generation, they're all heterozygis, they're all yellow and green. So how many traits are we studying right here? Two. All right, let's do the trickier one, but it's very fun. We cross the parents. Now we're gonna cross the F1. We have to set up the guy hybrid cross for the F1. The F1 remind me again, what is their phenotype? What do they look like? What color do they have? Yellow or green? yellow. So we add one piece, what kind of colors do they have? Yellow or green? Yellow. What is the texture of their knees? Brown or wrinkles. Brown. okay. Are they homoyos or heteros dias? Okay. So heterodiycis. So setting this up will be a little bit more tricky. This is the best way that I can show you. Very easy. First, start off with big Y. Mashed baked white with baked art. So what you're gonna do... is hook two a leel up together. Match big white and big R. When you match big Y and big R, get this. Big white and big R. Any questions about that? The next thing, then, is now you're going to cross Big Y and Little R, when you cross Big Y and Little R, you're going to get the second one that you see up here. When you cross big Y and little R, you get this. Any questions how we set that part up? Okay, we are done with the big Y. If we're done with a big Y, we're gonna move on to the little one. So moving on to the little wine you cross it 1st with the big arm. When you do that, you get this. Then you questions on that. Now you're going to cross the Little Y with what? A little arm. When you cross a little wide with a little arm, you get this at the end. That is where that is where most of my former students mess up. They just didn't set it up properly. Whenever you're working with a dying hybrid cross, you need to allo for each line here. If you're only writing one of Leon, you know you went wrong somewhere. Setting it up is the hardest part. The rest is super easy. So I'm going to do this one more time. If you're still confused, that's totally fine, but follow along for this 2nd part. We did the top, now we need to do the side. So let's start off with Big Y. Remember, I always recommend you to start off with Big Y. Big Y, right? Um... Remind me your name again? No, Be Brian.isa Annalisa. So big Y here. According to how we do it, it's going to pair up with what? Is it the R? Which are the big R or the little R? Very good. So here, big white pears would make art. Any questions about this? So we can write big Y and BR. So we're done with that. All right, now, this big wine, what's your name again?? What is it in pair up with? Very good. The little ark. So now we get something like this, big white and little R. So are we done with the big Y at this point? Yes. Let's go ahead and move on to the little one. Um, Jalene, is little why is gonna pair up with what? The big arm. So you have something like this. You know why? And big R. We're almost done. All right, Jackson. This little Y is gonna pair up with what, heated? Very good, the little arm. So you have little whiteide and little R. And hopefully you can see that the vertical matches with the horizontal. These are parents that are heterozygous for both tricks. Do you guys still have any questions how we got to this point? All right, so now we just gotta pair the ball up. Let's do a few together as a class. Haley, okay, other Haley. All right, what do you get for this box right here? God. Very good. Okay, Mariana, what do you get with this mom? You guys like a, um, big line, and the, big line. Very good. So, now, okay, let's take a look at these two examples, going back to the family, what is the phenotype of this offspring? What do they look like? Very good. And Mariana, what's the pheno type for this offspring? The other one I know. Very good. still yellow and brown. or? Angela, okay, what do you get for this square right here? Um, I don't know why, and they bought this. There's gonna be hor ill. Okay, um, so map this one, for a minute, this, um, this early dominant line.ive one. Very good. So right now let's just make it easier. Just tell me the letter. I just found the upper case, lowercase. and then little. Say that again. Start with a Y. A big one. Very good. A little pie, and then big on a boulevard. Very good. Okay? So, heterozygous wine? Homo zy is dominant art. Now, for this offspring, what do they look like? Are they yellow or green? Look at the wine. Would it be yellow or green? They're yellow. What about the texture? Brown or wrinkle. They are around. They are around. Brown is the dominant trait. So as long as they have an uppercase arm, they're going to be around. In order to be, in order to be wrinkled, what would they need to have? the rest. which is they are or little are. Very good. Both little bars. And then are you Samantha? Okay. What do you what's the genot type for this one here? It's big one. Very good. So these are all heterositis. What is there penot type? Y around, very good. All right, boo. Can you go ahead and do this one for us, this class square? double little light. Okay, so both little white and bone little are. What is going to be a genotype of this last square right here? You know, time, I'm sorry, but it's... Very good, green and wrinkle. So when you cross it out, this is what you should get. You should be able to practice this at home. And when we take a look at the probability from these 16 offspring, 9 of them are yellow and brown. If you take a look. Three of them are yellow and brinkle, 3 of them are green and brown. And there is a one out of 16 possibility that they are that they can be green and green, but it's a very low percentage, but it's still very much possible. So what we made here, what we just came up with, is this the F1 or the F2 offspring? And 2 offspring. That is the die hybrid cross. I'm going to end lecture with Guy Hybrid Cross today. When I see you next time, we'll talk more about other different types of genetics law and then trace that affects human. I'll go to stay behind for five to ten minutes in anyone's time of questions on this. I'm pretty sure you may have. So I'll stay around for 10 minutes. Therefore I with that at 630. Use this time to ask me questions.? The last card that they started today. Also, if you guys are curious, um, the key that is in your PowerPoint, so we don't need to worry about taking this. Just look at the previous slide. I don't remember that. Okay, take a break. I'll see you at 6:30. I'll talk to me. Oh, Michael? Yeah.