Diagnostic Ranges

Ward Terminology and Abbreviations

  • OP: Outpatient

  • NAD: Nothing abnormal detected

  • PR: Pulse Rate

  • NFO: This abbreviation is used to indicate either "No further orders" or "Normal for patient."

  • c/o: Complains of

  • DAPT: Dual antiplatelet therapy

  • FLP: Fasting lipid profile

  • TC: Total cholesterol

  • FFR: Functional flow reserve

  • OD: Once daily

  • BD: Twice daily

  • MSU: Mid-stream urine

  • Mane: Morning medication administration

  • NOCTE: Medication administration at night

Clinical Presentations and Diagnoses

  • SOBFI: Shortness of Breath on First Instance

  • HTM: Likely refers to hypertensive conditions/hypertensions

  • AO: Acute onset

  • PUO: Pyrexia of Unknown Origin

  • OSA: Indicates obstructive sleep apnoea

  • SR: Sinus rhythm

  • ACS: Acute coronary syndrome

General Physiological Normal Ranges

  • Iron: 11−30 nmol/L11-30\,\text{nmol/L}

  • Bicarb/HCO3HCO_3: 22−3222-32

  • Hydrogen Phosphate/HPOHPO: 0.8−1.50.8-1.5

  • pHpH: 7.35−7.457.35-7.45

  • Glucose: 3.5−5.43.5-5.4

Urea and Electrolytes (U+EsU+Es) in mmol/Lmmol/L

  • NaNa (Sodium): 135−145135-145

  • K+K^+ (Potassium): 3.5−5.03.5-5.0

  • MgMg (Magnesium): 0.7−1.10.7-1.1

  • CtCt (Chloride): 95−11095-110

  • Ca′Ca' (Calcium): 2.1−2.62.1-2.6

  • Phosphate: 0.75−1.50.75-1.5

  • Creatinine: A byproduct of the metabolism of creatine, which is an energy source in the muscle, and the consumption of meat.

    • Under normal conditions, the kidneys maintain a consistent clearance rate.

    • A reduced clearance rate is a specific indicator of kidney dysfunction.

    • Human renal function generally decreases by approximately 6.5 ml/min/decade6.5\,\text{ml/min/decade} after the age of 30 years30\,\text{years}.

  • eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) in ml/min\text{ml/min}

    • Female Normal: 88−128 ml/min88-128\,\text{ml/min}

    • Male Normal: 97−137 ml/min97-137\,\text{ml/min}

    • Interpretive Thresholds:

      • > 90: Normal function

      • 60−8960-89: Moderate dysfunction, classified as Stage 3

      • 15−2915-29: Severe dysfunction, classified as Stage 4

      • < 15: Kidney failure

  • Urea: 2.5−7.8 mmol/L2.5-7.8\,\text{mmol/L}

  • BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): 2.5−7.5 mmol/L2.5-7.5\,\text{mmol/L}

    • Levels are elevated by dehydration, increased protein intake, and issues with kidney function.

  • UCR (Urea-Creatinine Ratio): 40−10040-100

Laboratory Investigations: Hematology and Urinalysis

  • Leukocytes (Urine concentration per Liter):

    • < 10 \times 10^6/\text{L}: Considered Nothing Abnormal Detected (NAD)

    • 10−100×106/L10-100 \times 10^6/\text{L}: Result is of questionable significance

    • > 100 \times 10^6/\text{L}: Indicates infection

  • Erythrocytes (Urine concentration per Liter):

    • > 10 \times 10^6/\text{L}: Indicates haematuria

  • FBC/BC: Full Blood Count and Blood Cultures

  • Hb (Haemoglobin) in g/Lg/L:

    • Female: 115−160115-160

    • Male: 130−180130-180

  • WCC (White Cell Count): 4−11×109/L4-11 \times 10^9/\text{L}

  • Platelets: 140−400×109/L140-400 \times 10^9/\text{L}

  • Haematocrit: 0.33−0.47×109/L0.33-0.47 \times 10^9/\text{L}

  • RCC (Red Cell Count): 3.8−5.2×1012/L3.8-5.2 \times 10^{12}/\text{L}

  • Reticulocyte: 0.2−2%0.2-2\%

Diagnostic Biomarkers and Liver Function

  • BNP (Brain (B)-Type Natriuretic Peptide): A protein released in response to myocardium overload that signals natriuresis and diuresis. It is used as a specific biomarker for Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF).

    • < 100: Normal range

    • > 100: Indicates CCF

  • Troponin (TnTn) Trend: A protein responsible for the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction.

    • It is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage.

    • Presence in the blood indicates conditions such as Heart Failure (HF), Pulmonary Embolism (PE), and myocarditis.

    • < 14\,\text{ng/L}: Normal range

  • CK (Creatinine Kinase): A biomarker for non-specific tissue damage, utilized specifically to detect reinfarction.

  • D-dimer: A biomarker for proteins resulting from dissolved blood clots.

  • CRP (C-Reactive Protein):

    • < 5\,\text{mg/L}: Normal range

    • 10−50 mg/L10-50\,\text{mg/L}: Indicates viral infection, chronic disease, or mild inflammation

    • 50−100 mg/L50-100\,\text{mg/L}: Indicates active bacterial infection or significant inflammation

    • > 100\,\text{mg/L}: Indicates acute severe illness or significant tissue damage

  • LFTs (Liver Function Tests):

    • ALP & ALT: Levels > 200 are indicative of cholestasis and hepatocellular damage.