AP World History Modern: Midterm/Finals Review

Caliph The chief Muslim political and religious leader. Serf an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate. Grand Canal The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Dynasty. Dar al Islam A term representing the political and religious unity of various Islamic groups. Maya city-states Classical culture in Southern Mexico and Central America; contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendar system, mathematical system Mita A labor system used by Andean societies in which community members shared work owed to rulers and the religious community. Manorialism Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land; the economic side of feudalism Bantu Migration The movement of the Bantu peoples southward in sub-Saharan Africa; spread language, iron metallurgy, and farming techniques House of Wisdom Large Islamic-based library and learning center in Baghdad. Focus of conversion of Greek and Roman classics and Indian learning into Arabic. Bhakti Movement An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. Monasticism The practice of living the life of a monk; a similarity between Buddhism and Christianity Daoism religious tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao ("the way"); prefers a minimal government. Filial Piety In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. Meritocracy government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability; used in China via the Civil Service Exam Vijayanagara Kingdom Southern Indian kingdom based in Deccan Plateau region (1336-1565) that later fell to the Mughals. Resisted Islamic influence and used Hinduism as a unifying factor Civil Service Examination System Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts. Scholar-gentry Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. Christianity the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. Vassal a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance

Bill of exchange a document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date Monsoon winds The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. Paper money legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins Mansa Musa Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. Ming Dynasty Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644; took over after the fall of the Yuan dynasty Banking Houses an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done, Emerged in Europe Samarkand City in modern day Uzbekistan, stopping point on the Silk Road between China and Mediterranean Ortogh Mongol empire, commercial alliances created to minimize risk Hanseatic League An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. Diaspora A dispersion of people from their homeland Khan A Mongol ruler Yuan dynasty Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) flying cash Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China. Batu Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236. Nomadic wandering from place to place Junk A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. Pax Mongolica Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire Kashgar Located on Western edge of China where Northern and Southern routes of the Silk Road met Golden Horde Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Kublai Khan Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China Hulegu Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad. Mali Power trading society in West Africa, rich in gold and ivory Il-Khanate Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East Sundiata the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes Gujarat Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing. Yuan Dynasty Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) Moscow Major city in Russia Malacca Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Spice Islands Modern day Malaysia and Indonesia, known for its spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom White lotus society Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule Swahili Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. Urdu official language of Pakistan, mixed grammatical patterns of Hindi with the vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi Timbuktu Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning Swahili City States dominated trade along the east African coast Hangzhou China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people. Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire Lateen sail triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade Calicut Great spice port on west coast of India Ibn Battuta Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. Mecca the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace Genghis Khan Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history. Songhai Kingdom Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali Camel Saddle An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route Bubonic Plague disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population deforestation The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. Champa Rice a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice brought to China from Vietnam Caravansaries an inn where desert travelers found food and shelter Caravans Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances soil erosion wearing away of surface soil by water and wind Stern Rudder controls the sailing direction of a ship Margery Kempe Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia. Zheng He (1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. Mongols People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history. Money economy an economic system based on money rather than barter Astrolabe An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets Khanate one of several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons overgrazing Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover Indian Ocean Trade connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion. Diffusion The process of spread of an item or trend from one place to another over time Silk road An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea Trans-Saharan Trade Route gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam Magnetic Compass Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north Marco Polo Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

English Bill of Rights King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. Castes social groups into which people are born and cannot change Serfdom Peasants who could not pay debts and where attached to a piece of land to work until debt was paid off. Henry VIII English king who created the Church of England (Anglicanism) after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval) in order to marry Anne Boleyn. Spanish Armada The great fleet sent from Spain against England defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. Abbas I Persian Shah who ruled over the Safavids at its height. Imported weaponry and European knowledge to advise his troops. Used Shia Islam as a unifying force. Shari'ah a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives Hagia Sophia Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Converted into a Mosque by the Ottomans. Shogunate The Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead. Ming Dynasty Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. Peter the Great (1672-1725) Russian Tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Safavids A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs. Qianlong Emperor the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty (r. 1736-1795), in what was considered China's "Golden Age". In the mid-18th century received pressure to allow for more trade with Europe. Visited by George Macartney, who refused to perform the kowtow and bow to the emperor. Tenochtitlan Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. John Calvin 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination Inquisition A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation Suleiman Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law. Sikhism the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India Jesuits Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts Mehmed II Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. Volga River The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river. Absolutism A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) simony the buying and selling of church offices Ming Dynasty of China Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols. Akbar The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India. Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Tokugawa Shogunate Japanese ruling dynasty that reorganized the government that removed power from the daimyo and transfer to the hands of the Shogun Tax farming The Ottoman's taxation system in which collectors were given a set amount to collect from conquered cities/towns however it did not stop them from pocketing extra cash Edict of Nantes 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. Taj Mahal beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife Suleymaniye Mosque great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century under Ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent. Louis XIV (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Louis XIV (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Shah Persian word for king Divine Right of Kings Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent Gutenberg Press this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy Ghazi ideal a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam Shogunate The Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead. Gutenberg Printing Press used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; ruled with pre-existing systems Qing Empire Dynasty that succeeded the Ming dynasty in 1644, ended in 1911. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. Taj Mahal a tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife Daimyo A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai Ming Dynasty Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; expanded past borders and fortified the Great Wall of China Period of Great Peace The Tokugawa Shogunate created this period in Japan known as the Edo Period by adopting a policy of isolation Devshirme The tribute of a christian male child that the Ottomans raised for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman emperor who conquered Hungary and a slew of other territories. Attempted to conquer parts of europe but failed. Kangxi Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. Suleiman I The leader of the Ottoman Turk Empire during the high Renaissance. Tokugawa Shogunate was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. Palace of Versailles a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles Romanov Dynasty Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 Janissaries Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. Protestant Reformation A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Isma'il A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much Persia and parts of Iraq. He was a religious tyrant who made Shia Islam the state religion. John Calvin 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. Civil Service Exam a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government Daimyo A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai serfdom A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. Empiricism the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation Janissary elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam Safavid Empire Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Puritans Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. Sharia Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life Ivan IV Known as Ivan the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar Peter I (the Great) Russian Tsar who modernized Russia. Built St. Petersburg and took away power from the Eastern Orthodox church. Boyars Russian nobles. Peter will try to "westernize" them. Tudors English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs; Elizabeth Cossacks Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Mehemed II Ottoman ruler who conquered Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul Ottoman Empire Istanbul, North Africa, Middle East, South East Europe, 1300's-1919 caste a rigid and hereditary social class Shah Abbas I Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. English Bill of Rights 1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Began the Protestant Reformation Tamerlane Mongol leader who conquered Persia and Mesopotamia Songhai a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal Council of Trent Group of Catholic leaders to Coordinate their attacks to effectively weaken the Protestantism momentum Sunni Islam Branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The largest branch. tribute system A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods or labor. Ivan IV the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar "The Elect" In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation. Absolutism A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) Ottoman Empire Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. Sikhism Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak during Mughal rule. Blend of Islamic and Hindu ideas. Manchus Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. Qing Dynasty of China The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia. Catholic Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. Goal was to strengthen the Church's political and religious authority, and to prevent people from joining non-Catholic churches. Devshrime in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers Ferdinand and Isabella This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition also funded Christopher Columbus' expedtion Mughal Empire Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Simony the buying and selling of church offices Civil Service Exam a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government 95 Theses It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Tokagawa Shogunate Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early 17th century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachment. Tough on Daiymo. Indulgence Giving money to the Catholic Church in return for a shortened time in purgatory for yourself or a relative. Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) response and reforms by the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation Bureaucracy a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. Jesuits Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts Zamindars Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor. Indulgence A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins Absolute Monarchy A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power Safavids A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs. Protestant Reformation Religious reform movement begun by Catholic monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others. Tax farming To generate money for territorial expansion Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection system. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them. Divine Right the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God. Inquisition A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation Devshirme 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units utilized by the Ottomans) 95 Theses Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication Counter or Catholic Reformation the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected), ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits, but also the Inquisition Janisaries Drafted young christian/Jewish boys in the Ottoman Empire. soldier Versailles Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. Samurai Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. Peace of Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler Taj Mahal beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles tax farmers Agents who purchased from the crown the rights to collect taxes in a particular district. Thirty Years War (1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia; indicates the effects of the Protestant Reformation indulgences pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment. Effects of slave trade on Africa --more males taken caused gender imbalance which led to increased polygamy Christopher Columbus explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened up the Americas to European exploration. Sailed for the Spanish crown in an attempt to find a new trade route to the East Indies Sikhism blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Mita System European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire in 1521 Louis XIV AKA Sun King. Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there. Suliman I (the Magnificent) Sultan who conquered extensive territories for the Ottoman Empire and laid siege to Vienna. Reformed the legal system. Instituted religious tolerance for Jews and Christians. Gunpowder Empire an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of gunpowder based weapons. During the Early modern Era they included the Mughal Empire of S. Asia, the Ottoman Empire centered in Turkey, and and Safavid Empire centered in Iran. They all were from nomadic Turkic Backgrounds; spoke forms of Turkic; took control of former Mongol Khanates; relied on artillery and cannons to maintain their empire Janissaries Under the Devshirme system Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve as infantrymen in the military of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. They dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century Mehmed II "The Conqueror" The Ottoman Sultan responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and destroyed what remained of the Byzantine Empire. Building projects in Istanbul including the Topkapi palace. Took control of Black sea. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) Grand Prince of Moscow - Expanded Russian Rule in to Siberia to reach the Pacific. Used a paramilitary group, the Orprichnia, to terrorize his people. Left Russia in turmoil by killing his son, the heir to the throne peninsulares Spanish-born residents of the New World. (Born on the Iberian Peninsula.) Only people who could hold political and important military positions in Spanish Americas. Shah Abbas the Great Safavid Empire peaks under his rule; Harem the women in a Muslin household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, entertainers, and servants - the Ottoman Sultans had large harems Aurangzeb Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors Scientific Revolution a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Devshirme 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries, elite military forces in the Ottoman Army. Other Christain boys trained for government positions. Galileo Galilei Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, plantations/plantation systems a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery) caravel a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships Peter the Great Russian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He constructed a new capital in St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea. Brought the Orthodox church under state control. Forced his people to adopt western dress and customs. Introduced the Table of Ranks to make titles of nobility dependent on service to the state Vasco de Gama Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good hope to reach the East Coast of Africa and India by Sea. Catherine the Great ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 after she had her husband killed. Considered to be an "Enlightened Absolute Monarch" bc patronized art, built the hermitage (an art museum), built schools, stressed the use of science. Also made Russia a powerful state by taking land along the Black Sea in a series of wars with the Ottoman Empire. Partitioned Poland along with Prussia (Germany) and Austria. syncretic faiths in Americas Virgin of Guadalupe: Based on blend of Native American and Catholic beliefs. Apparition of Virgin Mary with Native American features appeared to shepherd boy on site of traditional native american worship to female deity Columbian Exchange global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas Thomas Hobbes English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government middle passage the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade Shah Ismail I founder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran. Adopted Shi'i Islam and used it as a unifying force among his people to distinguish them from the Ottoman Empire who practiced Sunni Islam encomienda a form of feudalism implemented in Spanish settlements in the Americas. A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance Akbar Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindu subjects. absolutism concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without consent of representatives; appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France James Cook A navigator and ship captain who explored Canada and much of the South Pacific. He claimed land in Australia for England in 1770 and opened Hawaii to the West. Zheng He • Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty Kingdom of Kongo Central African kingdom that converted to Christianity via trade with the Portuguese. Jacques Cartier French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) establishing a basis for French colonization of E. Canada and the Mississipppi River Valley. Kangxi Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Tibet into Empire. Created standard Dictionary of Chinese characters Shah Jahan Akbar's Grandson and king. ruled 1628-1658, built the Taj Majhal Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 and discovered the Cape of Good Hope thus proving it was possible to sail around Africa to get to India. Zamindars Officials in Mughal India put in charge of collecting taxes in the provinces. In exchange they were given a plot of land and a portion of the taxes. Over time, they kept more of the money and built personal armies loyal to them. Led to major weakness in the empire. John Calvin pastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination. Calvinism was adopted in Scotland, among the French Huguenots, the Netherlands, and inspired the Puritans in England. Vizier head of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan Joint-Stock Company A commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Started by the Dutch East Indian Trading Co. A significant part of mercantilism, in bringing raw materials from colonies. Emblems of the British East India Joint Stock Company and the Dutch East India Company are seen in this image. Parliamentary monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy originated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments Printing Press 1440. Effects of the transfer of items from Eastern to Western Hemisphere in Colombian Exchange --Transfer of Sugar in Caribbean and Brazil and transfer of Cotton to American South led to rapid growth of slave trade Important items transferred from the Western to Eastern Hemisphere in the Colombian exchange Turkey conquistador the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century mulattoes Term commonly used in the colonial era (not OK to use now) for people of mixed African and European blood. Predominant race in Brazil and Caribbean due to large use of slavery in sugar growing. Colombian Exchange, from Americas to "Old World" potatoes, tomatoes, squash, beans, chilis peppers, turkey, chocolate, pineapple, pumpkin, avocado, quinine (treats malaria) syphilis, (potato and corn most important in Europe; ) . (Yam and Casava help African population grow in spite of slave trade) divine right the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire African Diaspora Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the Trans-Atlantic trade. creoles/criollos in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born had Spanish parents but were born in the Americas short term causes of European voyages of Exploration --Breaking Italian and Ottoman monopolies on trade with Asia Little Ice Age Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. Likely partially contributed to: The Black Death; Manchu conquest of China; European Witch Hunts; 30 years War; and the French Revolution among other consequences Astrolabe A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars Triangular Trade Route shipping routes that connected Europe, European colonies in America, and Africa. Europeans sent guns and other manufactured goods to Africa, picked up slaves in Africa and sent to the Caribbean, brought sugar, rum, cotton, and tabaco back to Europe Protestant Reformation A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Christian groups that broke away from Catholic control. Protestants do not recofnize the authority of the Pope and most do not believe it is necessary to do good works to achieve salvation. mestizo In Latin America, a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. Most people in Latin America today are Mestizo because first Spanish settlers were primarily male soldiers who had relations with Indian women. Chattel slavery when people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as commodities. Typically, under the chattel slave system, slave status was imposed on children of the enslaved at birth, representing a change from earlier forms of African slavery. African slaves on sugar and cotton plantations are an example of chattel slavery. Nicolaus Copernicus Renaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church Sir Issac Newton combined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish his work the Principia Mathmatica Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation Tokugawa Period 1603-1867 Anglican Church Church of England (Protestant Church established by Henry VIII) mercantilism an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased. Colonies were required to sell all raw materials and purchase finished products from mother country. High import tariffs were placed. Royal charters were given allowing only certain industries to trade certain products. Government subsidies were given to Songhay Empire 1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Sunni Ali led forced which conquered Mali this empire controlled Timbuktu. Became a center of Muslim learning. Suleyman the Magnificent Ottoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, Indentured Servitude A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. Ivan the Great (1462-1505) The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing the nobles, and attaining absolute power. Legitimized his rule by marrying the daughter of the last Byzantine Empire Colombian exchange from Afro-Eurasia to America Livestock: Sheep, Cows, pigs, horses, chickens, Grains: wheat, barley, rice Effects of African Diaspora --West African languages merged with European languages to form Creole which still dominates Caribbean Prince Henry the Navigator the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold Silver in Colonial Latin America mining in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish coerced (forced) natives to work in the mines. Spain became very wealthy and powerful from silver profits, using it to trade around the world, especially in China. Led to increased global inflation. Qing Dynasty AKA Manchu (because were from Manchuria) the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) .Forced man to dress in Manchu style, including queues (top of head shaved, long braid in the back) Known for its extreme isolationism. Created a proto-industrial society: sold tea, silk, porcelain to Europe and India in exchange for silver. Culturally known for fine porecelain and woodblock prints Shah King, title of the Mughal and Safavid emperors. Napoleon Bonaparte popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press The Englightenment liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. American Revolution 1776 - 1783 Maximilien Robespierre leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed Bourgeoisie the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people Simon Bolivar The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Urbanization An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside. A coup d’etat that resulted in the dissolution of Japans feudal ? Meiji Restoration cottage industry Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued Estates General First Estate: clergy Haitian Revolution 1794 -1804 guillotine "humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. What technology allowed the connection to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when completed in 1869, facilitating U.S industrial growth? Transcontinental railroad Jean Jacques Rousseau believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority US abolishes slavery 1865- 13th Amendment Laissez-faire economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people Simon Bolivar led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied Muhammad Ali driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton Bourgeoisie the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people A small room or set of rooms that industrial workers lived in. Was often cramped and contributed to unsanitary living conditions Tenement An English writer who advocated for social equality and education for women Mary Wollstencraft telegraph A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. An English writer who advocated for social equality and education for women Mary Wollstencraft Way to manufacture steel quickly Bessemer Process Muhammad Ali was? A Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century and He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor. Revolutions of 1848 all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever) Enlightenment thinker that believed in Human rights, that all men were equal under God John Locke An economic and political system where workers own the general means of production: Socialism A French philosopher who was the main theorist in the separation of powers theory. Baron Montesquieu It seeks to preserve national interests, emphasizes American nationalism, strict law-and-order policies and social conservatism (family as a home and a center of identity), opposes illegal immigration and supports laissez-faire or free-market economic policy: Conversatism The Terror 1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution What were the Bolivar Revolutions? A series of revolutions located in Venezuela A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity: Voltaire Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit: Capitalism Enlightenment age intellectuals who studied important subjects and devoted their lives to knowledge Philosophes Who is John Stuart Mill? English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism Which had the greatest influence on the development of infrastructure during the industrial revolution? Steel Commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities Transnational Companies A British economist, philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment: Adam Smith What is the name of the moral theory advocated by Mill? Utilitarianism Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe: Deism Economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free or almost free from any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and subsidies: Laissez-faire Who invented the spinning jenny? James Hargreaves A French philosopher who was the main theorist in the separation of powers theory. Baron Montesquieu Occurred from 1775 to 1783, a conflict between the French, British, and Americans, and resulted in America getting its independence The American Revolution Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit: Capitalism What were a series of edicts between 1839 and 1876 intended to preserve the weakening Ottoman Empire? Tanzimat Allowed clothes to be made much quicker Automatic Loom An economic and political system where workers own the general means of production: Socialism Enlightenment thinker that believed in Human rights, that all men were equal under God John Locke the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency. Division Of Labor Latin American Revolution 1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment Commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities Transnational Corporation Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe: Deism Which group most strongly embraced the ideals and principles of the enlightenment? The Bourgeoisie Economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free or almost free from any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and subsidies: Laissez-faire A coup d’etat that resulted in the dissolution of Japans feudal ? Meiji Restoration A french political activist, advocated for for women’s rights and wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen Olympe de Gouges Activists gathered in 1848 to promote women’s right and suffrage, would be a landmark in the history of women’s rights movement Seneca Falls A device that efficiently places seeds in a designed spot in the ground. seed drill What was a Major effect of the Declaration of the Rights of Man? It affected the development of popular conceptions of individual liberty and democracy in Europe. Statement of principle promulgated on April 6th 1868? Charter Oath Occurred from 1775 to 1783, a conflict between the French, British, and Americans, and resulted in America getting its independence American Revolution Took place in New Zealand, a conflict between the native Maori tribe and British colonizers that resulted in nationalism among the native tribe New Zealand Wars What caused the Haitian Revolution? The mistreatment from the slave owners A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity: Voltaire The thought to bring an end to something, most prominent in the movement to end slavery Abolitionism an industry in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their homes. cottage industry European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. Enlightenment