Song Dynasty and Dar al Islam

The Song Dynasty ruled from September to December; exact dates not required for exams.

Confucianism Revival: Referred to as Neo-Confucianism, emphasizing traditional societal hierarchies.
  - Citizens submit to the state; women submit to men, and others submit to elders.
  - Filial piety emphasized, reinforcing family and societal norms.
  - Women's status worsened; limited rights and social restrictions, including foot binding as a status symbol.
Bureaucratic Expansion: The government organized hierarchically to enforce the will of the emperor.
- Jobs awarded based on merit, although access was limited to wealthier classes.

Neighboring regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adopted aspects of Chinese governance, including civil service exams.

Buddhism originated in India but adapted as it spread, with Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing broader participation compared to Theravada.
Key tenets include the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

Prosperity inherited from previous dynasties; significant population growth occurred.
Commercialization: Increased production and trade of surplus goods, notably porcelain and silk.
Introduction of Champa rice, which matured quickly and was drought-resistant, enhancing food production.
Expansion of the Grand Canal improved trade and communication.

Refers to regions under Islamic governance, shaping societies with monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Abbasid Empire weakened leading to Turkic empires' rise (e.g., Seljuk Empire).
Shift from Arab-led to Turkic-led Islamic governance.

Advancements in mathematics (e.g., trigonometry by Nasir al Din al Tusi) and preservation of Greek knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age.

Expansion through military (e.g., Seljuk Empire), trade, and missionary efforts (e.g., Sufi sect promoting local adaptations).

Dominant religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.
South Asia: Decline of Buddhism; rise of Islam with the Delhi Sultanate.
- Bhakti Movement: Emphasis on devotion simplifies Hindu practices.
Southeast Asia: Dominance of Buddhism and Islam with diverse empires emerging through trade.
- Examples: Majapahit (Buddhist) and Khmer Empire (Hindu to Buddhist transition).

Aztec Empire: Established systems of tribute and utilized human sacrifice.
Inca Empire: Focused on centralization and labor systems as opposed to tribute.

Mississippian Culture: Agriculture-centric civilization known for monumental mounds.

Swahili Civilization: Cities organized around trade, significantly influenced by Islamic traders.
West African Kingdoms: Centralized empires (Ghana, Mali) converting many elite members to Islam without mass conversion of the populace.
Great Zimbabwe: Capitalized on trade, maintaining indigenous religion.
Ethiopia: Unique Christian state amid predominantly Islamic regions.

Dominated by Christianity with Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.
Feudalism: Political hierarchy based on land ownership and military service, leading to decentralization.

The period was characterized by significant state-building, religious influences, and economic developments across regions, impacting traditional structures and leading to new societal dynamics.