Earth’s Subsystems, Structure, and Atmosphere – Study Notes

Comprehensive study notes created from the provided transcript. Includes all major and minor points, definitions, processes, examples, and numerical references with LaTeX formatting as requested.
Organized under multiple top-level headings with bullet-point detail for quick review and exam prep.
Where the transcript provides explicit percentages, heights, and descriptions, these are preserved and formatted in LaTeX.
Connections, significance, and hypothetical scenarios are added to reinforce understanding and real-world relevance.
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