AP Exam #2

The four elements that form the structural basis of the cell are: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

The 3 main regions of the cell are: nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Nucleus function: "Headquarter", genetic material "DNA" holds information, building proteins, control center

Nucleus structure: Nuclear envelope, Chromatin-contains the genetic information, nucleoli

Cytoplasm function: home of all organelles

Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cells, "busy" cells, ATP production

smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Site of fat and cholesterol synthesis, detoxification

centrioles: forms mitotic spindle

Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages all types of protein, forms lysosomes

Lysosomes: dispose of worn-out cell parts

Peroxisomes: Detoxifies alcohol, combats free radicals, unlike it's functional "twin", not Golgi derived

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Studded with ribosomes, produces membranes and other protein products

Microvilli: extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area

microtubule: Part of the cytoskeleton

nucleolus: The command center, includes the nucleoli and chromatin, double membrane that contains large pores for RNA and proteins to pass through

Cilia: Propels substances along the cellular surface (mucus), line the respiratory tract

Flagella: Only example in human if found on sperm cells, propels the cell

Plasma membrane: fragile, semipermeable, composed of phospholipid bilayer, protein, steroid, and carbohydrate elements

What events occur during interphase?: DNA, protein, & organelle synthesis, duplication of centrioles, cell growth

What events occur during prophase?: chromatin condenses and becomes visible

What events occur during metaphase?: chromosomes line up at the equator

What events occur during anaphase?: spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart and to the sides

What events occur during telophase?: nucleolus & nuclear membrane reforms, spindle breaks down, chromosomes uncoil, chromosomes prepare for splitting

What events occur during cytokinesis?: cleavage furrow deepens, division of cytoplasm, results in formation of two seperate daughter cells

Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

Active transport: requires energy for the movement of molecules

Passive transport: doesn't require energy for the movement of molecules

Hypotonic: Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic: when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypertonic: Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Neoplasm: Abnormal tissue growth from rapid cell proliferation (tumor)

malignant: bad, cells have broken off and moved to other parts of the body

Benign: good, isolated to its area of origin

simple diffusion: lipid soluble, small enough to pass through membrane pores, concentration solute high to low

facilitated diffusion: transports lipid-insoluble & large molecules through the membrane, protein carriers

What must exist for facilitated diffusion?: Requires protein carriers

osmosis: polar water molecules through the plasma membrane through aquaporins, high to low concentration of water

filtration: water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or pressure, high to low pressure gradient, pore size

What must exist for filtration?: high to low pressure gradient, pore size

Endocytosis: substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle, 'moving in'

Endocytosis Phagocytosis: "cell eating"

Endocytosis Pinocytosis: "cell drinking"

Exocytosis: moves materials out of cell, the vesicle migrates to plasma membrane and combines, material is emptied on outside

Which types of transports are passive transports?: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Which types of transports are active transports?: Solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses simple diffusion?: carbon dioxide, oxygen, sodium chlorine

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses facilitated diffusion?: glucose, amino acids, ions

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses osmosis?: red blood cells, water

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses filtration?: kidney (high blood pressure)

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses solute pumping?: Amino acids, sugars, sodium

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses exocytosis?: Complex proteins, carbohydrates, glucogen

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses endocytosis phagocytosis?: White blood cells, viruses, bacteria

What's an example of a substance in the body that uses endocytosis pinocytosis?: lipids, certain proteins, large majority of cells

What transports concentration goes from high to low?: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

What transports pressure goes from high to low?: filtration

apoptosis: it kills the damaged cell before it passes on the problem to its daughter cells

mRNA in protein synthesis: directs the synthesis of proteins, occurs in cytoplasm

tRNA in protein synthesis: decodes sequence into a protein

DNA in protein synthesis: used as a template to make mRNA

Triples in protein synthesis: group of three nucleotides that determine a amino acid

Codons in protein synthesis: there base mRNA sequence that codes for one amino acid

Anticodons of protein synthesis: set of three nucleotides that base-pairs with a mRNA codon

Transcription: mRNA is created using DNA as a template

Translation: mRNA is used to determine the sequencing of amino acids

Cytosol (Cytoplasm): suspension of other constituents

organelles (Cytoplasm): metabolic machinery of the cell

Inclusions (Cytoplasm): non-functional "extras”

How does cancer develop?: DNA is damaged and cells grow uncontrollable

Gap1 phase: Cell growth, routine metabolism

Synthesis Phase: DNA replication

Gap2 Phase: protein and organelle synthesis, prepares for division

Mitosis: the division of the cells chromosomes into two new nuclei

Interphase (cell cycle): Gap1, Synthesis, Gap2

Labile cells: Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly

Examples of labile cells: skin, stomach linings, blood cells

Stable cells: cells that only replicate when needed

Examples of stable cells: liver, kidney

Permanent cells: Cells that cannot undergo mitosis

G0 phase: a resting phase where certain cells do not replicate are very frequently in

Which cells will never enter G0?: Labile cells

Which cells stay in G0 until needed?: Stable cells

Which cells never leave G0?: permanent cells

Examples of permanent cells: neurons, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle

What will occur if apoptosis didn't happen?: mutated or damaged cells would keep replication

In simple & facilitated diffusions the concentration moves from what?: high to low

In filtration the pressure gradient moves from what?: high to low

What conditions must be present for osmosis?: water solutes

A isotonic cell is: normal

A hypertonic cell is: shriveled

A hypotonic cell is: bigger

Cyclins: group of proteins that regulates a cell's progression through the cell cycle

A typical cell spends much more time in mitosis than in interphase: false

What two proteins form the maturation promoting factor (MPF) that triggers mitosis?: cyclin and cdk (cyclin dependent kinase)

Where does translation take place?: at the ribosome