Microbiology Exam 3

Exam 3 Study Guide – BIO 373 – Cain

Polio

What body systems does polio affect? Spinal cord, spinal ganglia, cranial nerves, and motor nuclei (nervous system)
Symptoms? fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, myalgia
3 types of polio- how are they different?

Paralytic diseases: various degrees of flaccid paralysis of legs, abdomen, intercostals, diaphragm, pectoral girdle, and bladder

Bulbar Poliomyelitis: brian stem, medulla, and cranial nerves are affected, loss of control of cardiorespiratory regulatory centers

Post-Polio syndrome: progressive muscles deterioration in 25-50% of patients after initial infection

What type of virus is it? Picornavirus
What is the only known reservoir? Humans
Vaccination: IPV vs. OPV – scientist that created each one and difference in administration

IPV- developed by Salk, not a live vaccine and less risk of infection, shot

OPV- developed by sabin, live viral vaccine with risk of infection, oral

As of 2016, which countries (general location) have not eradicated polio? Afghanistan and Pakistan (Asia)

Smallpox

History: Pustules found on mummy head of Pharaoh Ramses V. Traveled from japan, northern africa spain and portugal, europe, western africa, caribbean and central/south america, to north america
Variolation: Grinding of smallpox scabs of infected patient and inserting powder into arm of the uninfected to prevent spread and control smallpox
Roles of Lady Montague and Edward Jenner

Lady Montague- Survivor of smallpox and had her sons variolated and was the person responsible for the introduction of the technique to England.

Edward Jenner- Discovered dairymaids rarely contracted smallpox after exposure to cowpox

First vaccination – how was it created? Who was the patient? Injected the young boy(James Phipps) with matter for a cowpox lesion and inoculated him with smallpox. Performed the first “vaccination”
2 types of smallpox – what are the differences?

Variola Major- highly virulent, leading to toxemia, shock, and intravascular coagulation

Variola minor- rash is less dense and patients experience weaker symptoms

How is it transmitted? Airborne, direct, and indirect contact
What are the symptoms? Fever, muscles aces, headache, severe fatigue, and back pain
Hemorrhagic smallpox – early vs. late(Symptoms and High-risk groups)

Early- petechiae and bleeding of skin, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes. High risk group for pregnant women

Late- fever, flat rash and bleeding at base of pustules. Die with 8-10 days

Eradication – when did it occur? When were last vaccination given in the US? Eradicated in 1980. Last vaccine given in 1976.
How is the vaccine administered? Who still gets the vaccine? using a bifurcated needle that is dipped into a vaccine solution and pricks the skin several times within a few seconds. Given to military personnel and high-risk individuals
What immunity does the smallpox vaccine confer? to other orthopoxviruses, last 3-5 years and will need booster to increase immunity time

Anthrax

What type of bacteria is anthrax? Shape, gram reaction: Gram-positive, endospore forming rod
What is the tripartite toxin? What does it consist of and how does that affect the virulence of anthrax? How do they work together (which are dangerous together etc?)

Protective antigen- mediates entry of EF or LF into cell

Edema Factor(EF)- impairs host defenses

Lethal Factor(LF)- zinc metalloprotease that inactivates mitgoen

LF and EF individually are nontoxic, but when combined with PA form two toxins causing pathogenic responses (edema will paralyze WBC)

What is the history of the US Military using anthrax? What was President Nixons role? Military conducted a massive field test in the pacific; however, soviet spies were nearby collecting samples from water. Nixon terminated the offensive biological warfare program and ordered all stockpiled weapons destroyed.
What was the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and why was it significant? the world's first treaty banning an entire class of weapons, it barred possession of biological agents except fo defensive research
What happened at the Soviet microbiology facility in 1979 with anthrax? How did it spread? Accidents happened when the facility failed to replace a critical filter in the exhaust system. This allowed anthrax spores to escape through the ventilation system and spread into the surrounding area. Resulted in 68 deaths about 79 infected.
3 forms of human anthrax – symptoms and how do they rank in mortality rates?

Pulmonary: fever, myalgias, cough, and fatigue 80-90% mortality(treated)

Cutaneous: fever, fatigue, pus filled lesions, swollen lymph nodes, 20% mortality (untreated)

Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, 50% mortality(untreated)

Ebola

General- fever and internal hemorrhaging

Dry- fever, aches, pains, fatigue

Wet- diarrhea, vomiting(coffee appearance), bleeding, hemorrhaging

Mortality rate: 70%
How is it transmitted? Blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, fruit bats, and primates
What is a “spillover event”? when an infected animal spreads the virus to a person (crosses species line)
Survivors – what immunity (if any) do they have? may have developed antibodies that can last 10 years or longer, they are still capable of spreading the diseases even after surviving and symptoms are gone.
What are the two new treatment drugs for Ebola? Differences between them?

Inmazeb- targets glycoprotein, blocking its attachment and entry into the cell

Ebanga- blocks binding of the virus to the cell receptor, preventing its entry into the cell

In the video assignments, what were the methods of disposing of dead bodies? How did they attempt to contain the virus in villages? Typically disposed of in a controlled medical facility with strict contaminant protocols. In resource-limited areas they had mass graves and expedited burials to reduce transmission through bodily fluids.