Muscular System Summary

Muscle Organization and Function

  • Affects power, range, and speed of muscle movement.

  • Muscle fibers organized in bundles (fascicles); can be arranged in 4 patterns.

Patterns of Fascicle Organization

  • Parallel (Fusiform): Fibers run parallel to long axis; thickens at center on contraction; can contract ~30%.

  • Convergent (Triangular): Broad area converges at attachment; fibers pull in different directions.

  • Pennate: Angled fibers; includes unipennate (e.g., extensor digitorum), bipennate (e.g., rectus femoris), and multipennate (e.g., deltoid). Develop more tension, less contraction distance than parallel.

  • Circular (Sphincters): Concentric arrangement; regulates openings (e.g., orbicularis oris).

Skeletal Motion

  • Skeletal muscles attached to skeleton produce motion; type of attachment affects movement characteristics.

Levers in Muscular System

  • Each bone acts as a lever with joints as fulcrums; muscles provide applied force.

  • Functions of a Lever: Change direction, distance, and speed of movement.

Classes of Levers

  • First-Class: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., seesaw).

  • Second-Class: Resistance between force and fulcrum (e.g., wheelbarrow).

  • Third-Class: Applied force between resistance and fulcrum; most common in body; maximizes speed and distance.

Muscle Attachments

  • Each muscle has 1 origin (fixed) and 1 insertion (moving); typically, origin is proximal to insertion.

Muscle Actions and Terminology

  • Agonist (Prime Mover): Produces movement.

  • Antagonist: Opposes movement; works in pairs with agonists (e.g., flexors-extensors).

  • Synergist: Assists agonist, stabilizes origin.

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

  • Muscle names may indicate location, origin and insertion, fascicle organization, position, structural characteristics, and action.

  • Terms for size: Longus (long), Magnus (large), Brevis (short), etc.

Integration with Other Systems

  • Cardiovascular: Supplies oxygen, removes wastes.

  • Respiratory: Meets oxygen demand.

  • Integumentary: Disperses heat.

  • Nervous/Endocrine: Direct responses of system.

Muscle Organization and Function
  • Affects power, range, and speed of muscle movement.

  • Muscle fibers organized in bundles (fascicles); can be arranged in 4 patterns.

Patterns of Fascicle Organization
  • Parallel (Fusiform): Fibers run parallel to long axis; thickens at center on contraction; can contract ~30%.

  • Convergent (Triangular): Broad area converges at attachment; fibers pull in different directions.

  • Pennate: Angled fibers; includes unipennate (e.g., extensor digitorum), bipennate (e.g., rectus femoris), and multipennate (e.g., deltoid). Develop more tension, less contraction distance than parallel.

  • Circular (Sphincters): Concentric arrangement; regulates openings (e.g., orbicularis oris).

Skeletal Motion
  • Skeletal muscles attached to skeleton produce motion; type of attachment affects movement characteristics.

Levers in Muscular System
  • Each bone acts as a lever with joints as fulcrums; muscles provide applied force.

  • Functions of a Lever: Change direction, distance, and speed of movement.

Classes of Levers
  • First-Class: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., seesaw).

  • Second-Class: Resistance between force and fulcrum (e.g., wheelbarrow).

  • Third-Class: Applied force between resistance and fulcrum; most common in body; maximizes speed and distance.

Muscle Attachments
  • Each muscle has 1 origin (fixed) and 1 insertion (moving); typically, origin is proximal to insertion.

Muscle Actions and Terminology
  • Agonist (Prime Mover): Produces movement.

  • Antagonist: Opposes movement; works in pairs with agonists (e.g., flexors-extensors).

  • Synergist: Assists agonist, stabilizes origin.

Naming of Skeletal Muscles
  • Muscle names may indicate location, origin and insertion, fascicle organization, position, structural characteristics, and action.

  • Terms for size: Longus (long), Magnus (large), Brevis (short), etc.

Integration with Other Systems
  • Cardiovascular: Supplies oxygen, removes wastes.

  • Respiratory: Meets oxygen demand.

  • Integumentary: Disperses heat.

  • Nervous/Endocrine: Direct responses of system.