TOEFL iBT Prep Notes

Part 1: Basic Comprehension

Unit 1: Listening for Main Ideas

Overview

Introduction to Main Ideas: To understand the main idea of a listening passage, one must recognize its primary topic or central theme.
- This information may be provided at the beginning of the passage.
- Alternatively, it may be imparted during the course of the passage, requiring the listener to generalize or determine the information based on the content.
Question Types (Examples):
1. What problem does the man have?
2. What are the speakers mainly discouraging?
3. What is the main topic of the lecture?
4. What is the lecture mainly about?
5. What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
Useful Tips for Identifying Main Ideas:
- Listen very carefully to the beginning of the passage.
- Recognize various keywords that help determine the main idea.
- Identify the main idea by recognizing associated examples, explanations, and summaries.
- In conversations, determine the problem and solution the speakers are referring to.
- Avoid selecting answers that are irrelevant to the passage.
- Avoid selecting answers that were not covered during the entire passage.
- Avoid nonspecific answers that are too general.
- Make good use of your notes.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question: What aspect of the Industrial Revolution does the professor mainly discuss?
- A. Its causes
- B. Its definition
- C. Its effects on England
- D. Its effect on manpower
Script Excerpt: "Today, class, I am going to be speaking to you about the Industrial Revolution. The term 'Industrial revolution' refers to the technological, social, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in England in the late eighteenth century." (Professor)
Correct Answer: B. "Its definition." The professor explicitly defines the Industrial Revolution at the beginning of the lecture, which is a common place to find main ideas.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Librarian (1-02)

Main Topic: How books are organized within a library (Correct Answer: C).
Organizational System: The library employs the Dewey Decimal System (Correct Answer: B).
Student's Implied Meaning (Re-listen: "Okay, I think I see. So I need the Math and Science category for dogs, but what if I was researching something else? Can you tell me the other categories?") She is just curious about how to research something else (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student needs help at the library.
2. Has to write a paper about Golden Retrievers.
3. Asks a librarian for help.
4. Learns about the Dewey Decimal System.
  - A) Divides books into 10 areas.
  - B) Books have call numbers from 000 to 999.
5. Librarian explains how to use the card catalog.
6. Student finds call number for the book.
Summary Completion:
- A student entered the library and asked the librarian to help her find a specific book. The librarian was happy to help and explained to the student that the library was organized using the ( $1$ ) Dewey Decimal System. She told the student that this particular system of categorizing books broke the book categories down into ( $2$ ) ten broad areas. The librarian named the ( $3$ ) Religions and Mythology different categories, for example, the two categories Arts and Recreation and a. The librarian told the student that after she determined what category her book fell under, she should locate the ( $4$ ) card catalog, a system of filing drawers that contains cards with particular numbers for every single book in the library. The librarian continued to explain that, within the card catalog, each of the ten categories were further ( $5$ ) broken down into subcategories. The student looked up her book number in the card catalog, ( $6$ ) wrote down the number on a slip of paper, and located the book on the shelf.

B. Student and Professor (1-03)

Main Topic: A student seeking special treatment from her professor (Correct Answer: C).
Student's Reason for Lagging: She has a part-time job (Correct Answer: D).
Inference (Re-listen: Professor's story about his sick child and responsibilities): Asking for special treatment is unethical (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student meets professor to talk about calculus grade.
2. Professor looks up grade.
  - A) Student is not doing well on homework.
  - B) Student has missed many classes.
3. Student discusses her personal problem.
4. Professor gives her advice.
5. Student asks for higher grade.
6. Professor refuses.
  - A) Tells her to be more responsible.
7. Student apologizes.
8. Discusses personal story.
Summary Completion:
- A student approached her professor, informing him that she had a problem. The professor looked over her records and noticed that she'd been ( $1$ ) lagging behind in her studies and that she'd missed ( $2$ ) quite a number of classes. He asked her what was wrong. The student told him that she was under a lot of ( $3$ ) stress because she'd recently ( $4$ ) broken up with her boyfriend and was having a ( $5$ ) hard time staying focused. The student then proceeded to ask if she could be given ( $6$ ) special consideration and receive a good grade despite ( $7$ ) not performing well in class. The professor was not impressed with her question and told her that she was forcing him to consider making an ( $8$ ) unethical decision. He told her that the only way she could go forward and learn from this experience was to take ( $9$ ) responsibility for her actions and to work harder in class.

C. Student and Bookstore Clerk (1-04)

Main Topic: The student's inability to purchase a book (Correct Answer: C).
What Student Actually Paid For: A set of folders (Correct Answer: D).
Student's Meaning (Re-listen: "I need this book right now! It is for my English class, and we are having a lecture on the text tomorrow…") There is a test in her English class tomorrow, and she needs to study (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student wants to purchase book.
2. Does not have book card.
3. Clerk gets her personal information.
4. Student has not yet paid for two books.
  - A) Can't buy new book.
  - B) Must pay for old books first.
5. Student claims to have no money.
6. Student remembers she didn't pay for the book yet and offers to pay later.
7. Apologizes.
Summary Completion:
- A student approached the bookstore clerk and told him that she ( $1$ ) would like to purchase a book. The clerk checked the student's record on the computer and told her that he was very sorry but he could not ring up her new book since she had not paid for two textbooks the previous week. The clerk told the student that she'd ( $2$ ) asked to make a deferred payment but they'd never received her money. The student was upset; she told the clerk that she was certain she'd made the payment for the textbooks and now she would not ( $3$ ) have enough money for lost that for both the textbooks and the new book. The student insisted that the post office had lost her payment. The clerk said he was very sorry but the store ( $4$ ) was not responsible for payments. The student was suddenly very apologetic since she ( $5$ ) had forgotten what she'd really paid for through the mail was a set of folders, not the two textbooks. She offered to put the book back in order to have ( $6$ ) enough money to pay for the previous two. The clerk said that would be fine.

D. Student and Professor (1-05)

Main Topic: Registering for courses and completing the necessary requirements for a major (Correct Answer: B).
Why Take Another Science Class: The student needs two science classes in order to meet the graduation requirement (Correct Answer: D).
Inference (Re-listen: Professor's advice about planning classes): It is a good idea to keep your end goal in mind when registering for classes (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits professor for her appointment.
2. Wants to sign up for next semester's classes.
3. Professor asks about hours.
  - A) Student wants to finish in four years.
  - B) Student wants to take 15 credit hours.
4. Both discuss classes.
  - A) Student has not taken a prerequisite mass communication class.
  - B) Student needs to take science class.
5. Complete the following summary with the words given below.
Summary Completion:
- A student visited her professor to go over her choices for next semester's classes. The student wanted to make sure that she was taking the right classes for her journalism major. The professor agreed that a very important part of succeeding in college is ( $1$ ) scheduling classes correctly, and she looked at the student's records. The professor asked the student if she wanted to ( $2$ ) graduate on time in the usual four years. The student said that she could ( $3$ ) not afford to stay longer. The professor told the student that, considering the ( $4$ ) major she was choosing, she should think about taking the mass communication class since it is a ( $5$ ) prerequisite for other classes that she will need. The professor also inquired if there were any other science classes the student was interested in taking. The student indicated that she had an ( $6$ ) interest in geology.

Practice with Lectures

A. Music Class (1-06)

Main Topic: The history of opera (Correct Answer: B).
Difference Between Play and Opera: The words in an opera are sung (Correct Answer: A).
Professor's Meaning (Re-listen: "Boring? Not at all! Operas are dramas that employ the use of music."): He is explaining the history of the opera style of dramatic performance (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor says he will discuss operas.
2. Student claims they are boring.
  - A) Doesn't understand them.
  - B) Has wrong ideas about operas.
3. Professor begins discussion on operas.
  - A) Began with the ancient Greeks.
  - B) Moves to modern opera in the Renaissance.
4. Describes arias.
  - A) Showcase a singer's abilities.
  - B) Can express different emotions.
5. Says operas are popular in many countries.
6. Explains variations of operas.
  - A) Opera seria - dramatic opera.
  - B) Opera comique - comical opera.
  - C) Operetta - short, comical opera.
Summary Completion:
- An opera is a form of drama that includes ( $1$ ) music or ( $2$ ) dancing or a combination of both. The ( $3$ ) ancient Greeks were the first to employ these elements on stage, but it wasn't until later, ( $4$ ) during the Renaissance in ( $5$ ) Italy, that what we now call modern opera was developed. The Italians weren't the only ones to compose modern operas; the ( $6$ ) Germans were quick to follow. Eventually, opera spread across Europe and even into ( $7$ ) Russia. This kind of widespread interest in opera led to many different ( $8$ ) developments and types. One such development was the operetta, which is a ( $9$ ) very short opera that is often comical in nature. But no matter what the type, operas share many similar elements, such as the aria, a ( $10$ ) complex musical passage exhibiting a singer's vocal range.

B. Agriculture Class (1-07)

Main Topic: The origins of both wild and domestic rice (Correct Answer: C).
Difference Between Wild and Domestic Rice: Wild rice occurs naturally, and domestic rice is planted according to desired traits (Correct Answer: B).
Inference (Re-listen: Professor's discussion of various origins): It is hard to identify the exact date and origin of rice (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses origins of rice.
2. Describes wild rice.
  - A) Occurs naturally.
  - B) Existed 16,000 years old.
  - C) Probably originated in Asia in China.
3. Describes domestic rice.
  - A) Goes back to Chinese culture.
  - B) Carries certain desired traits.
4. Discusses myths about rice.
  - A) The Gift of The Sky Flood.
Summary Completion:
- The origin of ( $1$ ) rice is a complicated question because it can potentially contain three parts: the origins of ( $2$ ) wild rice and domestic rice or the mythological stories surrounding rice. The exact origin of wild rice is ( $3$ ) nearly impossible to pinpoint, but evidence suggests that our early ( $4$ ) ancestors were harvesting it as early as $16,000$ years ago. The evidence also suggests that wild rice was spread over four continents: ( $5$ ) Australia, Asia, Africa, and North America. Domestic rice originated in ( $6$ ) China; evidence of ancient ( $7$ ) rice paddies in Hunan Province has been discovered there. The difference between wild rice and domestic rice is that wild rice ( $8$ ) occurs naturally, while domestic rice seeds are selectively planted according to the potential ( $9$ ) to yield desired traits. And finally, another way that the origin of rice is explained is through the use of ancient myths. One such myth about the origin of rice is the story of Shuhwa, a girl who planted a seed she had found in a dog's fur during a flood and which later produced rice.

C. Public Health Class (1-08)

Main Topic: The cause of oral plaque and how to prevent it (Correct Answer: C).
How Plaque Affects Teeth: It hardens and becomes tartar (Correct Answer: A).
Professor's Organization: He begins with a guest speaker and then prompts the students to ask questions (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions oral plaque.
  - A) Can build up on teeth because of sugar.
  - B) Is yellowish, sticky film of bacteria.
  - C) Can cause periodontis or gingivitis.
2. Plaque can harden into tartar.
  - A) A hard substance.
  - B) Irritates gums so that they are red, swollen.
  - C) Can cause gingivitis.
3. Describes dental care.
  - A) Brush regularly.
  - B) Visit the dentist often.
  - C) Saliva helps prevent plaque.
Summary Completion:
- Oral plaque is a ( $1$ ) yellowish, sticky film of bacteria that forms naturally on our teeth. However, if not properly removed, oral plaque can form into a ( $2$ ) hard substance known as tartar. In turn, if tartar is not properly treated, then it can lead to much more serious diseases like ( $3$ ) gingivitis or periodontis. The body does its best to combat the build-up of oral plaque — saliva. Our saliva helps break down the bacteria by ( $4$ ) actively neutralizing the acidic environment. The best way to prevent plaque from building up in your mouth is to incorporate a rigorous daily routine of brushing and flossing your teeth with regular visits to your dentist so he can ( $5$ ) remove all the plaque from your teeth and gums.

D. Zoology Class (1-09)

Main Topic: The characteristics of tigers (Correct Answer: C).
Effect of Human Hunting: It has made tigers an endangered species (Correct Answer: D).
Inference (Re-listen: Professor's description of tiger's beauty, uniqueness, and endangered status): Tigers are a beautiful and unique animal worth saving from extinction (Correct Answer: A).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes the tiger.
  - A) A mammal.
  - B) Has orange and black striped fur.
  - C) Has white markings in some places.
2. Describes the albino tiger.
  - A) Has a deficiency of skin pigmentation.
  - B) Has no stripes.
3. Gives physical characteristics of tigers.
  - A) Is the largest cat.
  - B) Up to 13 feet long.
  - C) Weighs 200-700 pounds.
4. There are eight subspecies of tigers.
5. Describes current situation of tigers.
  - A) About 2,500-5,000 tigers alive.
  - B) Some species are extinct.
  - C) Others species are endangered.
  - D) Live only in Asia.
Summary Completion:
- A tiger is a ( $1$ ) mammal that generally has orange fur and ( $2$ ) black stripes with white ( $3$ ) chest markings on its face, and underside. Tigers are also the ( $4$ ) largest of all the cats. The largest of the tigers is the ( $5$ ) Siberian tiger. They can range in length from ( $6$ ) four to thirteen feet and can weigh anywhere between ( $7$ ) 200 and $700$ pounds. They are broken down into ( $8$ ) eight different subspecies, three of which are ( $9$ ) extinct. The extinct subspecies are the Ball, the Caspian, and the ( $10$ ) Javan tigers. The fact that there are extinct subspecies of tigers is also a reason why tigers are listed as ( $11$ ) endangered species. While tigers once roamed anywhere between eastern ( $12$ ) Turkey and Asia, what tigers remain are now only found in certain parts of Asia. Tigers are becoming extinct because they are being ( $13$ ) poached for their skins and because they sometimes kill cattle and other livestock.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Music Class (1-10)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor says will discuss operas.
2. Student claims they are boring.
  - A) Doesn't understand them.
  - B) Has wrong idea about operas.
3. Professor begins discussion on operas.
  - A) Began with the ancient Greeks.
  - B) Moves to modern opera in the Renaissance.
4. Describes arias.
  - A) Showcase a singer's abilities.
  - B) Can express different emotions.
5. Says operas are popular in many countries.
6. Explains variations of operas.
  - A) Opera seria - dramatic opera.
  - B) Opera comique - comical opera.
  - C) Operetta - short, comical opera.
Answers (out loud):
1. An opera is a drama that incorporates music or dancing or a combination of both.
2. The Italians were the first to develop modern opera, but the ancient Greeks first developed the art form.
3. It is a complex musical passage exhibiting a singer's vocal range.

B. Public Health Class (1-11)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions oral plaque.
  - A) Can build up on teeth because of sugar.
  - B) Is yellowish, sticky film of bacteria.
  - C) Can cause periodontis or gingivitis.
2. Plaque can harden into tartar.
  - A) A hard substance.
  - B) Irritates gums to be red and swollen.
  - C) Can cause gingivitis.
3. Describes dental care.
  - A) Brush regularly.
  - B) Visit the dentist often.
  - C) Saliva helps prevent plaque.
Answers (out loud):
1. Oral plaque is a yellowish, sticky bacteria that occurs naturally in the mouth and forms on our teeth.
2. If not properly removed, plaque can build up into tartar.
3. Brush and floss daily, and make regular visits to your dentist.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (1-12)

Main Idea: The benefits of living off campus (Correct Answer: C).
Woman's Limited Apartment Choice: She wanted to be able to have a dog (Correct Answer: A).
Man's Most Important Factor for Housing: He wanted his new place to be affordable (Correct Answer: D).
Inference About the Man: He is not wealthy (Correct Answer: B).
What Man Will Probably Do Next: Attend a class (Correct Answer: C).

Lecture (1-13)

Main Idea: The life of William Shakespeare (Correct Answer: B).
Discrepancy in Facts: Records, such as William's birth certificate, were either not kept or lost (Correct Answer: C).
Reason for Speculation (Re-listen: "From $1585$ through $1592$ , there is no official record as to what William Shakespeare was up to. It is speculated, based on the range of knowledge revealed in his plays, that William could have been doing as many things as money lending, gardening, sailing, scavenging, soldiering, printing, or even working as a school master in those 'lost' years."): Shakespeare's plays feature an in-depth knowledge of a variety of jobs (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Meaning (Re-listen: "Ah, Shakespeare, truly an amazing man, and such an enigma!") There are many mysterious things about Shakespeare (Correct Answer: B).
Why Bubonic Plague Mentioned: To explain why Shakespeare wrote poetry during that time (Correct Answer: D).
Shakespeare's Play Time Periods:
- (A) Troilus and Cressida: 1599-1608
- (B) Hamlet: 1599-1608
- (C) Titus Andronicus: 1589-94
- (D) King Lear: 1599-1608

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

absurd (obviously senseless)
prerequisite (something required beforehand)
assistance (help or aid)
arrears (something overdue in payment)
valiant (courageous)
imperative (necessary)
deceive (to mislead or lie)
diligent (persistent; not giving up)
yield (to produce or show)
evolve (to develop slowly)
swollen (expanded due to internal pressure)
unique (being the only one of its kind)
cliché (an overused expression)
embrace (to accept)
paddy (a flooded field where rice is grown)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (1-14).

This is a build-up of yellowish, sticky bacteria that occurs naturally on our teeth. (oral plaque)
This is a naturally occurring grain, that is generally grown in Asia. (rice)
This is a form of drama that incorporates music and dancing. (opera)
This is a system of organization found in a library. (Dewey Decimal System)
This is a form of visual art that became popular during the Renaissance. (portraiture)

Part 2: Pragmatic Understanding

Unit 4: Understanding the Function of What Is Said

Overview

Introduction: These questions determine whether you understand the speaker's intentions. This often requires understanding the context of the passage surrounding the sentence in question. Analyzing the passage as a whole helps determine intentions. These questions typically replay a part of the listening passage.
Question Types (Examples):
1. What does the professor imply when he says this? (replay)
2. What can be inferred from the professor's response to the student? (replay)
3. What is the purpose of the woman's response? (replay)
4. Why does the student say this? (replay)
Useful Tips:
- Practice recognizing the unspoken meanings of words.
- Make notes on the context of the passage.
- Recognize the tone of voice the speakers are using.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question (Replay): What can be inferred from the professor's response to the student?
- A. He is happy the student's mother made him work at the orphanage.
- B. He is pleased to have met the student's mother at the orphanage.
- C. He does not want the student to disappoint his mother again.
- D. He believes the student should work at the orphanage some more.
Script Excerpt:
- M1: Hmm… You also worked at an orphanage for two summers?
- M2: Well, ah… actually, that, ah… that was a volunteer job. My mother works there. She made me do that.
- M1: Well, thank God for your mother! When you go home tonight, give her a big hug. And then tomorrow tell the interviewers you worked at an orphanage. What did you do there?
Correct Answer: A. The professor is happy the student's mother made him work at the orphanage because now he has some valuable work experience.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Professor (2-21)

Inference about Student (Re-listen: "Maybe, but anyone can make a business card, and they all look the same. Also, a business card isn't much of a marketing tool."): He thinks making business cards requires no skill (Correct Answer: B).
Inference about Student (Overall): He does not always follow directions (Correct Answer: B).
Student's Meaning (Re-listen: "Oh, uh… sorry… I, I, I changed my mind. I decided to do something more elaborate. I want to design a cover page for a car magazine. So that's why I… I have all these photos of classic cars."): The student is trying to get out of doing a difficult project (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Professor wants to see student's business card design.
2. Student did car magazine cover instead.
3. Professor says student did wrong assignment.
4. Student thinks business cards are useless.
5. Professor disagrees.
  - A) Cards are good for networking.
  - B) Are basic but important.
6. Student agrees to do the business card assignment.
Summary Completion:
- In this conversation, the professor asked the student if he could look at the student's business card. But the student was working on ( $1$ ) another project. He was designing a cover for a ( $2$ ) car magazine. The professor told the student that the assignment was to design a basic ( $3$ ) designing business cards. The student suggested that was perhaps a waste of time and that he wanted to work on something more elaborate. He said that business cards were not ( $4$ ) an important marketing tool. The professor replied that business cards were a valuable marketing tool and also very important for establishing contacts and for ( $5$ ) networking. The professor insisted that the student work on the business card and told the student there would be plenty of opportunities later on to work on ( $6$ ) a project of his choice. The student agreed to do so.

B. Student and Administrator (2-22)

Inference from Administrator's Response (Re-listen: "Sure, you will. Orientation day is the most enjoyable day on campus. You'll meet a lot of people, get a tour of the facilities, meet some of your professors, and receive valuable information about life here at the university. By the way, there's a variety of festivities… the free dinner, followed by the orientation night party."): She expects the student to attend orientation (Correct Answer: A).
Student's Reason for Saying This (Re-listen: "Well, I think I'll be okay. My older brother graduated from this university, so I'm already familiar with the campus here. Uh, when I return from my trip, my brother can show me around if necessary. And another thing… I'm a transfer student. I've already completed two years of university, so I don't need the orientation as much as the freshmen do.") To explain that she is not inexperienced (Correct Answer: A).
Inference from Conversation: The student might begin studying before the semester starts (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits administrator.
  - A) Asks for schedule and course outline.
  - B) Administrator gives her big package.
2. Student says won't be around for orientation.
  - A) Administrator describes events.
  - B) But student has trip planned.
3. Student says is familiar with campus already.
4. Administrator offers to provide extra help.
Summary Completion:
- An administrator gave a student a package containing various items, ( $1$ ) including a name tag for the orientation program and an orientation itinerary. Upon hearing about the ( $2$ ) orientation, the student informed the administrator that she would not be going to the program. The administrator was very surprised to hear this because, in her view, the program is very valuable. The student explained to the administrator that she had already ( $3$ ) booked a vacation during orientation week and that it would be impossible for her to attend. She also advised the administrator that her brother, who graduated from the same university, could show her ( $4$ ) around campus if necessary. Because the student could not attend the orientation, the administrator agreed to ( $5$ ) gather whatever helpful information she could get to help the student prepare for the ( $6$ ) upcoming semester.

C. Student and Professor (2-23)

Inference about Student (Re-listen: "Yes. In fact, psychology is not my major. My major is commerce. Prior to this semester, I hadn't taken any banking courses, but right now I'm taking a course in European banking."): She presumes that the professor is unaware that her major is not psychology (Correct Answer: A).
Purpose of Student's Visit: The student is hoping for help in finding a job in France (Correct Answer: A).
Likely Outcome of Conversation: The professor will ask his friend how the student should get in touch with him (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits professor's office.
2. Says is looking for job in France.
  - A) Knows professor lived in France.
  - B) Wants help from professor.
  - C) Wants to work at a bank.
3. Professor doesn't know any bankers.
4. Professor knows a businessman who worked in France.
  - A) Thinks friend may help.
  - B) Offers to give an introduction.
5. Complete the following summary with the words given below.
Summary Completion:
- A student ( $1$ ) told her professor that she was planning to look for a job in France. The professor told her that ( $2$ ) he lived in France as a teenager. He asked her what kind of job she was looking for. She replied that she wanted a banking job. He told her that ( $3$ ) banking jobs were difficult work. But the student was ( $4$ ) a commerce major, was studying European banking, and could speak French. However, she needed advice on where she could stay in Paris and how ( $5$ ) she could find a job there. The professor told her that he couldn't answer those two questions but said he would contact his friend, a businessman in France, and ( $6$ ) arrange for the student to contact him.

D. Student and Janitor (3-01)

Inference from Conversation Part (Re-listen: Student's repeated pleas): The student is desperate to get into the building (Correct Answer: D).
Why Passport Not Used: It was in the dormitory (Correct Answer: C).
Inference from Conversation: The janitor does not want to make any mistakes (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Janitor won't let student in building without ID card.
2. Student lost purse with ID card in it.
3. Needs an urgent file in building.
4. Janitor requires proper ID like driver's license or passport.
5. Student offers to give ID number and go in with her friend.
6. Janitor accepts offer.
Summary Completion:
- A student tried to enter a building to ( $1$ ) retrieve an important file. However, the janitor would not let her into the building because she didn't have her ID card. ( $2$ ) The student told him she had lost her purse and the ID card was in the purse. The janitor said she could use ( $3$ ) her driver's license, but the student said her driver's license was ( $4$ ) in her purse too. Then the janitor suggested that she get her passport, but the student said that the passport was in ( $5$ ) the dormitory and she couldn't get into the dormitory without her ID card. ( $6$ ) Eventually, the janitor agreed to let the student into building if she gave him her ID number and ( $7$ ) another person with an ID card to go in with her.

Practice with Lectures

A. Literature Class (3-02)

Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "Prior to Wordsworth, the major poets were busy writing, uh, satirical verses. But this poem is different than the other ones we just looked at because by the time Wordsworth came along at the end of the $18^{th}$ century, poetry in England had entered a new phase and, uh, a new genre: romanticism."): Wordsworth created a new trend in poetry (Correct Answer: B).
Romanticist Poetry Theme: Nature (Correct Answer: C).
Why "To a Butterfly" Mentioned: To state a typical example of Wordsworth's work (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor reads poem to class.
  - A) Students like it.
  - B) Is about rainbows.
2. Is poem by William Wordsworth.
  - A) Not satire.
  - B) Romanticism genre.
3. Describes romanticism.
  - A) Back-to-nature movement.
  - B) Nature is healing and spiritual force.
4. Gives titles of other similar poems.
Summary Completion:
- The professor read a poem to his students. The poem was Rainbow, written by William Wordsmith, a ( $1$ ) romanticist who began writing in the late $18^{th}$ century. The poem typifies the romanticists' style in that ( $2$ ) it describes nature. Romanticism was a back-to-nature movement. The poems were ( $3$ ) emotional and quite vivid in their descriptions of nature and its beauty. This ( $4$ ) contradicted the previous genre, which was satirical and placed more emphasis on ( $5$ ) truth and reason and less on emotion and nature. Wordsworth himself lived in a lake area, where he spent most of his ( $6$ ) adulthood enjoying nature. His love for nature undoubtedly influenced his writing style.

B. Geology Class (3-03)

Professor's Inference (Re-listen: "If you ever get a chance to visit one of these rivers, go for it. However, if you have to choose between visiting the Amazon or visiting the Nile, then you should definitely visit the Amazon. In my opinion, it's way more interesting than the Nile! In fact, it's the most interesting place I've been to, and I've been everywhere, including all seven continents."): He enjoys spending time outside of his office (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "The Nile flows mostly through dry desert, where there's little wildlife or plant life. Meanwhile, there's more life in the Amazon than in any other place in the world.") The Amazon River is more easily accessible than the Nile (Correct Answer: A).
Inference from Lecture: The professor has been to Antarctica (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor compares Nile and Amazon Rivers.
  - A) Has done work in both places.
  - B) Encourages students to visit the Amazon.
2. Describes the Amazon.
  - A) Has a rain forest.
  - B) Has much diversity.
  - C) Has a varied ecosystem of life.
3. Describes animals there.
  - A) Jaguar - large, powerful cat.
  - B) Giant otter - over six-feet long.
  - C) Piranhas, dolphins, and anacondas.
4. Has thick vegetation.
  - A) Many kinds of trees.
  - B) Some are very tall.
Summary Completion:
- The Amazon River is ( $1$ ) the second longest river in the world, but the Amazon basin and its ( $2$ ) tropical rain forest are the largest on the planet. It is an extremely interesting place to visit and contains more life than any other place on Earth. This can be contrasted with the Nile River. Although the Nile is longer, it has less wildlife and less plant life. It's mainly ( $3$ ) surrounded by dry desert. The Amazon is home to $500$ species of mammals, one third of the world's bird population, hundreds of reptiles, $175$ different kinds of lizards, up to $300$ million types of insects, and ( $4$ ) immense vegetation. The trees are so dense that their treetops form a ( $5$ ) canopy. The Amazon is home to such ( $6$ ) creatures as the jaguar, the most powerful cat in the western hemisphere, $20$ species of piranha, $300$ -pound dolphins, and the anaconda. The treetop ( $7$ ) canopy is nine times bigger than Texas and home to millions of ( $8$ ) undiscovered species. Some scientists believe this canopy alone may contain half of the world's animal species!

C. Culture Class (3-04)

Professor's Inference (Re-listen: "Most of these dances originate from the glory days of the plains Indians in Canada and the U.S., when people lived at one with nature. It also explains the theme behind most of these songs."): Nature has a continuing impact on native North American culture (Correct Answer: D).
Student's Reason for Asking This (Re-listen: "Do they still do the rain dance like you've seen them in some Westerns?"): She is comparing natives to their image in Western movies (Correct Answer: B).
Student's Inference (Re-listen: "Yes, thank you. In fact, I want to learn more about native food. I didn't know they had special food."): She wants to learn more about Native American powwows (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses Native American culture.
  - A) Student thinks doesn't exist anymore.
  - B) Professor disagrees.
2. Describes powwows.
  - A) Shows photos.
  - B) Are social event with singing, dancing.
  - C) Are many kinds of dances.
  - D) Can last from half a day to one week.
  - E) Can be very formal events.
Summary Completion:
- Native American culture has not disappeared, and Native Americans have not become totally assimilated into ( $1$ ) mainstream culture. They have retained some of their culture. An example of this is powwows. A powwow is a gathering of Native Americans or native ( $2$ ) Canadians. Sometimes they are major socializing events with singing, dancing, and people playing drums. They often have booths where people can buy food, supplies, arts, and crafts. Some of the food is ( $3$ ) indigenous. They may perform a number of dances such as the crow hop and the ( $4$ ) the owl dance. Most of these dances are played with ( $5$ ) drum music. These dances often originate from the days of the plains Indians. These can be very formal events ( $6$ ) organized by committees a year in advance, with sponsorship, promoters, masters of ceremonies, and judges.

D. Botany Class (3-05)

Professor's Inference (Re-listen: "Gradually, it goes around the trunk, branch, or twig and kills the cambium. Now, cambium is the tissue that divides the bark from the wood. It also forms those rings you're all familiar with."): Chestnut blight is more likely to harm a wounded tree (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "However, the tree's root system is quite resistant to the blight. Sprouts will develop at the base of the tree, and, therefore, several small American chestnut trees still exist. But they are only shoots from existing bases. That's because before they can reproduce, the disease will eventually attack and infect the tree again. It dies, and then the process starts again."): The foundation is concerned with preserving chestnut trees (Correct Answer: D).
Inference from Lecture: Someday, the American chestnut tree might number in the millions (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses chestnut tree.
  - A) Spread through eastern U.S. and southern Canada.
  - B) Belongs to beech and oak family.
  - C) Has many uses.
2. Almost became extinct by 1940s.
3. Chestnut blight kills many trees.
4. American Chestnut Foundation tries to save trees.
  - A) Are creating hybrid trees.
  - B) Hoping to make disease-resistant trees.
Summary Completion:
- Until about $100$ years ago, there were millions of American chestnut trees throughout eastern North America. ( $1$ ) Some of these trees reached up to $150$ feet tall and were a valuable source of timber. They were also ( $2$ ) a wonderful supply of chestnuts. But, in the early $1900$ s, a disease known as chestnut blight ( $3$ ) swept across the forests of eastern North America, wiping out the ( $4$ ) American chestnut trees. Only a few of these trees still exist today. However, the tree is not totally extinct, and the American Chestnut Foundation has started ( $5$ ) a breeding program to revive these trees. They accomplish this by breeding Chinese trees resistant to the disease with susceptible American trees. And then they breed the hybrids with more American trees, ( $6$ ) the process is repeated until eventually the percentage of American genes in the hybrids is very high and one of the progeny receives four resistance genes, making it ( $7$ ) fully resistant to the blight fungus.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Geology Class (3-06)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor compares Nile and Amazon Rivers.
  - A) Has done work in both places.
  - B) Encourages students to visit the Amazon.
2. Describes the Amazon.
  - A) Has a rain forest.
  - B) Has much diversity of life.
  - C) Has a varied ecosystem.
3. Describes animals there.
  - A) Jaguar - large, powerful cat.
  - B) Giant otter - over six-feet long.
  - C) Piranhas, dolphins, and anacondas.
4. Has thick vegetation.
  - A) Many kinds of trees.
  - B) Some are very tall.
Answers (out loud):
1. The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world. It has the largest river basin in the world and is home to the largest tropical rain forest in the world. It's rich with life.
2. In the canopy (the treetops).
3. About $50$ percent.

B. Literature Class (3-07)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor reads poem to class.
  - A) Students like it.
  - B) Is about rainbows.
2. Is poem by William Wordsworth.
  - A) Not satire.
  - B) Romanticism genre.
3. Describes romanticism.
  - A) Back-to-nature movement.
  - B) Nature is healing and spiritual force.
4. Gives titles of other similar poems.
Answers (out loud):
1. It had a big emphasis on nature. It very vividly described the beauty of nature.
2. Rainbow.
3. He enjoyed nature and the outdoors.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (3-08)

Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "Too expensive! What are you talking about? You can get a full scholarship! It won't cost you a dime!"): The professor will be sad to see the student leave the university (Correct Answer: D).
Why Professor Mentions Sponsor: To show his willingness to support the student (Correct Answer: B).
Why Professor Suggests History/Journalism: He feels these are subjects that require a lot of writing (Correct Answer: B).
Main Discussion Topic: The student's potential as a writer (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Opinion of Student: He is confident that the student has the ability to succeed in writing (Correct Answer: D).

Lecture (3-09)

Professor's Inference (Re-listen: "We don't have much time left today, so I'll begin by talking about one of these, the Hoover Dam, and then next week we can discuss some of the other architectural accomplishments of the $1930$ s."): He will not speak in detail about the Empire State Building during the current lecture (Correct Answer: C).
Gordon Kaufman's Action: He simplified the original design of the Hoover Dam (Correct Answer: B).
Inference about Gordon Kaufman: He was an influential architect (Correct Answer: B).
Main Aspect of Hoover Dam Discussed: Its design (Correct Answer: A).
Why Third World Nations Mentioned: To say that the dam's design has been copied by them (Correct Answer: D).
Features of Hoover Dam (Choose $2$ ):
- Art Deco sculptures on the outer towers (Correct Answer: A).
- An ornamental control panel (Correct Answer: D).

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

infant (a baby or small child)
purchaser (a buyer)
simultaneously (at the same time)
indigenous (native)
essential (necessary, required)
thwart (to stop or slow something down)
beneficial (helpful)
retain (to keep or keep the same)
gesture (to communicate with body movements)
retrieve (to go get something and bring it back)
perhaps (maybe)
arrange (to organize something in a certain way)
mention (to tell someone one is unhappy about something)
complain (to trade one thing for another)
exchange (to say something to someone)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (3-10).

William Wordsworth wrote this type of poetry that vividly described the beauty of nature. (Romanticist)
This is the second longest river in the world and home to the world's largest tropical rain forest. (The Amazon River)
This is a gathering of North American Native people. (Powwow)
In the early $1900$ s, this disease spread throughout the forests of eastern North America, killing almost all of the American chestnut trees. (Chestnut blight)
This is a form of communication through body movements. (Gestures)

Unit 5: Understanding the Speaker's Attitude

Overview

Introduction: These questions determine your understanding of the speaker's attitude or opinion. They ask about feelings, likes, dislikes, and the reasons for displayed emotions, often focusing on the speaker's degree of certainty. These questions typically replay a part of the listening passage.
Question Types (Examples):
1. What can be inferred about the student?
2. What is the professor's attitude toward X?
3. What is the professor's opinion of X?
4. What can be inferred about the student when she says this? (replay)
5. What does the woman mean when she says this? (replay)
Useful Tips:
- Recognize the tone of voice, intonation, and sentence stress used by speakers.
- Distinguish between referencing factual information and giving personal opinions.
- Avoid choosing answers not connected with the passage's general tone.
- Make notes on the context of the passage.
- Take note of adjectives and verbs indicating feelings.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question (Replay): What does the professor mean when he says this?
- A. The student has not been turning in her homework lately.
- B. The student has been copying someone else's homework.
- C. The student should get some assistance with her homework.
- D. The student is not doing very well on her homework.
Script Excerpt:
- W: Hi, Professor Smith. Do you have a minute?
- M: Of course, Sally. What can I help you with?
- W: Well, I wanted to talk to you about my grade in your calculus class.
- M: Okay. Give me a second to find your information on this spreadsheet. Here it is. It looks like you're lagging behind on your homework assignments. Hmm, and you've also missed quite a number of classes so far this semester. Is everything okay?
Correct Answer: D. When the professor says that the student is "lagging on her homework," it means that she is not doing well on her assignments and is therefore getting lower grades on them.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Housing Office Secretary (3-12)

Inference about Student (Re-listen: "But it is only a little desk lamp that I use when I am studying late at night. It's tiny, and I make sure to place it as far away from any books or drapes as possible."): She is angry that she is being fined (Correct Answer: B).
Secretary's Reason for Halogen Lamp Ban: Halogen bulbs can get very hot and have been known to start fires (Correct Answer: A).
Inference about Secretary (Re-listen: "If you go out today and buy a new lamp and bring me the receipt as proof of your purchase, then I will waive your fine."): She is quite reasonable (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student asks secretary about housing fine.
  - A) Doesn't understand why she was fined.
  - B) Is quiet and clean.
2. Secretary explains fine is for halogen lamp.
3. Student doesn't understand.
4. Secretary says halogen lamps are fire hazards.
  - A) A halogen lamp once caused fire at school.
  - B) Must follow the rules.
5. Student won't have to pay fine if buys new lamp today.
Summary Completion:
- A student goes into the housing office and ( $1$ ) inquires about a fine she has received. The secretary checks her computer to find that the student has been fined for keeping a ( $2$ ) halogen lamp in her dorm room. The student is shocked by this news. She does not understand how having a lamp could result in a fine. She tells the secretary that she is a very responsible student. The secretary explains that, although the student may be cautious, halogen lamps ( $3$ ) pose a fire danger because the bulbs heat up to such a high degree. The secretary suggests that the student ( $4$ ) buy a new lamp as soon as possible. The student asks if she can keep the lamp if she is very careful where she places it, but the secretary ( $5$ ) stands by the school rules. The student then complains that the fine is too high, so the secretary offers to waive the fine if the student goes out and buys a new lamp immediately and then ( $6$ ) brings the secretary the receipt.

B. Student and Professor (3-13)

Inference about Student's Feeling (Re-listen: "200 students! I could never speak in front of that many people! I would be too nervous!"): He is nervous and worried (Correct Answer: B).
Optional Activity for Visiting Students: Sitting in on a lecture (Correct Answer: B).
Inference from Students' Visit: The college wants to make students feel as welcome as possible (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student talks to professor about volunteering.
  - A) Will host visiting students.
  - B) Professor is pleased.
2. Professor explains student's duties.
  - A) Show prospective students around campus.
  - B) Answer any questions.
  - C) Be courteous and enthusiastic.
3. Student says is not good with big crowds.
4. Professor says will only have to escort 10-15 students.
5. Student may have to help prospective students sit in on various classes.
Summary Completion:
- A student wants to volunteer to help ( $1$ ) host visiting students at his college, so he visits his professor to see how he can apply for this. The student's professor tells the student that he would be responsible for leading a small group of students ( $2$ ) on a tour around campus. The professor also says that the students ( $3$ ) have the option of sitting in on a class of their choice, but this is ( $4$ ) not obligatory. The student says he will accept the job, so the professor gives him the final details, which are to have each of his students attend at least ( $5$ ) one of two mandatory orientations, either on ( $6$ ) Monday afternoon or ( $7$ ) Thursday at night.

C. Student and Post Office Clerk (3-14)

Inference about Student (Re-listen: "This is so ridiculous!"): She is frustrated with the post office (Correct Answer: A).
Advantage of Forwarding Mail to Spain: She will not have to wait three months before she receives her school mail (Correct Answer: D).
Student's Reason for Saying This (Re-listen: "I really don't have anything of urgency coming through the mail in the next three months, so I guess I will go ahead and have you hold my mail for me. … What would you decide to do if you were in my position?"): She wants to know what the clerk thinks of her idea (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits campus post office.
  - A) Is going to Spain for a semester.
  - B) Is worried about receiving mail.
2. Clerk explains choices.
  - A) Can have mail forwarded.
  - B) Or can hold mail for three months.
3. Clerk recommends holding mail if she won't receive anything urgent.
4. Student agrees with clerk.
  - A) Fills out form.
  - B) Must cancel student newspaper subscription.
Summary Completion:
- A student goes into the school post office because she is ( $1$ ) leaving the country for three months and is ( $2$ ) concerned about what will happen to her mail during that time. The student asks the post office clerk about her options. The clerk tells the student that she either has the option of having her mail ( $3$ ) forwarded to Spain or can have the post office hold her mail. The only provisions are that if the student chooses to have her mail held, the post office can only hold it for ( $4$ ) up to three months, and they cannot hold the ( $5$ ) school newspaper for her, as it would take up too much space. The student tells the clerk that because she does not have anything urgent coming to her in the mail, she would like to have her mail held. She tells the clerk that she currently receives the school newspaper but will ( $6$ ) cancel her subscription since she does not read it regularly.

D. Student and Professor (3-15)

Professor's Attitude Toward Classroom Attendance: It is an important part of the student's grade (Correct Answer: B).
Inference about Student's Response: He is determined to raise his grade (Correct Answer: D).
Inference from Conversation: Test scores are not the only reflection of a student's learning (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits professor to talk about biology grade.
  - A) Got low-score and doesn't know why.
  - B) Says did well on tests.
2. Professor consults grades.
  - A) Agrees that test scores were good.
  - B) Says attendance was very bad.
3. Student questions importance of attendance.
4. Professor says it is important.
  - A) Can participate in class discussions.
  - B) Can learn things not in the book.
  - C) Can get hands-on experience in labs.
5. Student realizes importance of going to class.
Summary Completion:
- A student makes an appointment with his professor because he is ( $1$ ) confused by his final score in her class. The student points out that he received ( $2$ ) very good test scores on the last few tests, so he cannot understand why his final grade was so low, especially when he enjoyed learning about so many of the concepts. The professor checks her records to find that the student did receive good test scores but failed to attend ( $3$ ) a third of her classes. The student does not see how this is a ( $4$ ) problem. The student believes that if his test scores are good, it proves he is ( $5$ ) learning all of the material. The professor points out that what the student is missing when he does not attend classes are ( $6$ ) lively discussions of new and cutting-edge research, and important hands-on experience in labs, which can be applied to the ideas and research of the current time.

Practice with Lectures

A. Biology Class (3-16)

Professor's Opinion of Student: He was thankful that she shared her experience with the class (Correct Answer: C).
How Glioma Affects Body: It can invade neighboring cells and organs (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Meaning (Re-listen: "I do not mean to be insensitive, but how did your uncle manage the prognosis?"): He wants information, but he does not want to offend the student (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions gliomas.
  - A) Are tumors.
  - B) Affect central nervous system.
  - C) Arise from glial cells.
  - D) Are not neurons.
  - E) Provide support and nutrition to neurons.
2. Can classify gliomas.
  - A) Low grade is less aggressive.
  - B) High grade is more aggressive.
3. Discuss malignant tumors.
4. Student mentions uncle's glioma.
  - A) Had astrocytoma.
  - B) Died after eighteen months.
5. Can treat glioma with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Summary Completion:
- Gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system associated with ( $1$ ) glial cells. A glial cell is a cell that provides nourishment and support to neurons within the ( $2$ ) central nervous system. There are several different types of gliomas, depending on what type of glial cell the tumor is associated with. For example, ( $3$ ) affect ependymal cells. Gliomas are also classified as high grade or low grade upon diagnosis. A high-grade glioma is ( $4$ ) very aggressive, and the prognosis for the patient tends not to be good. On the other hand, a low-grade glioma is a ( $5$ ) less aggressive tumor that is often $100$ % treatable. One type of high-grade glioma, astrocytoma, also has a numbered grading system, with $1$ being the least aggressive form and $4$ indicating the most aggressive form. Symptoms of a glioma present in the body can range from headaches to vomiting to experiencing ( $6$ ) numbness in the extremities. Surgery, chemotherapy, and ( $7$ ) radiation are all common treatments of gliomas.

B. Climatology Class (3-17)

How Martian Dust Devil Affects Terrestrial Technology: It can threaten terrestrial technology (Correct Answer: C).
Dust Devil vs. Tornado: A dust devil forms an updraft, and a tornado forms a downdraft (Correct Answer: A).
Inference about Martian Dust Devils: There is much to be learned about them (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses Martian Dust Devils.
  - A) Is a weather phenomenon.
  - B) Is similar to a tornado.
  - C) Forms an updraft when hot air rises quickly into cooler air.
  - D) Are common in Australia.
2. Professor describes creation in detail.
  - A) Hot air quickly rises and passes through cooler air.
  - B) The air rotates and makes a swirling effect.
  - C) Looks like a funnel.
3. Mars has large dust devils.
4. Scientists learned about them from satellite.
Summary Completion:
- Dust devils are formed when ( $1$ ) very hot air near the ground ( $2$ ) forms an updraft into cooler, low pressure air. The quickly-rising hot air ( $3$ ) creates a swirling motion that forms into a funnel-shaped column of air capable of moving along the ground due to ( $4$ ) air speed and friction. Dust devils on Earth are relatively small and harmless while the Martian Dust Devils, as evidenced by satellite pictures, can be up to fifty times wider and ( $5$ ) ten times higher than their earthbound cousins. Some concern arose regarding the safety of terrestrial space equipment on Mars should a dust devil form and destroy the equipment due to its size and power. However, there was an instance when a Martian Dust Devil actually ( $6$ ) cleaned the solar panels on a space robot.

C. Sociology Class (3-18)

Professor's Feeling Toward Artisan-Made Pants: The professor would prefer a pair of quickly made factory pants (Correct Answer: B).
Result of Cotton Mill Invention: Cotton production became a mechanized industry (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Organization of Information: From types of inventions to social effects (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses Industrial Revolution.
  - A) Began in England in late eighteenth century.
  - B) Spread around the world.
  - C) Based on manufacturing and capitalism.
  - D) Replaced manpower with machine power.
2. Mentions steam engine.
  - A) Helped make transportation faster.
  - B) Made faster manufacturing machines.
  - C) Thomas Savery and Richard Trevithick worked on steam engines.
3. Britain changed greatly.
  - A) Manchester became manufacturing city.
  - B) Roller spinning machine created.
  - C) Richard Awkright made cotton mill.
4. Modern cities created.
  - A) New laws made to protect people.
  - B) Communist writings became popular.
Summary Completion:
- The ( $1$ ) Industrial Revolution refers to the technological, ( $2$ ) socioeconomic and cultural changes that took place in ( $3$ ) Britain in the late eighteenth century. Prior to this period, goods and services were provided through ( $4$ ) man or horsepower. The development of the steam engine revolutionized manufacturing forever by ( $5$ ) allowing machinery ( $6$ ) to do the job of men and at a much faster rate. Factories sprang up and grew into what we now know as modern cities as people left their rural homes and flocked to the cities for work. Trade unions sprang up to ( $7$ ) protect the working class from harsh laws and intolerable conditions. Transportation was also changed forever with the invention of the ( $8$ ) steam engine locomotive. Now, people and goods could be transported across the country at a much faster rate. Many British historians and philosophers at the time wrote manifestos concerning the state of the working class in England and how the ( $9$ ) Industrial Revolution would change their lives forever.

D. Biology Class (3-19)

Professor's Attitude Toward Crocodile/Plover: Amazement (Correct Answer: B).
Oxpecker Relationships: As a symbiont (Correct Answer: B).
How Oxpecker Affects Mammals: It can open wounds and drink the animal's blood (Correct Answer: A).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor defines symbiosis.
  - A) Two dissimilar organisms interact intimately or merge into one.
  - B) Larger one is host.
  - C) Smaller is symbiont.
2. Discusses mutualism.
  - A) Relationship where both partners profit.
    - Egyptian Plover bird and crocodile.
    - Goby fish and shrimp.
3. Sometimes mutualism is not always beneficial to one party.
  - Oxpecker and some large animals.
Summary Completion:
- Mutualism is defined as a ( $1$ ) form of symbiosis in which two differing organisms ( $2$ ) benefit from a close relationship. An example of mutualism is the relationship between the Egyptian Plover bird and the crocodile, where the Egyptian Plover ( $3$ ) eats the parasites off of the crocodile's body. The Egyptian Plover benefits from the relationship by getting an easy meal, and the crocodile benefits from the relationship by having ( $4$ ) potentially fatal parasites removed from its body. Mutualism can sometimes ( $5$ ) merge into parasitism, however, if one of the organisms begins harming the other. For example, a different kind of bird, the Oxpecker, normally enjoys a relationship of mutualism with certain African land mammals. However, once in a while, the Oxpecker ( $6$ ) will draw blood from the mammals to drink and so therefore benefits when the mammal does not.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Biology Class (3-20)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions gliomas.
  - A) Are tumors.
  - B) Affect central nervous system.
  - C) Arise from glial cells.
  - D) Are not neurons.
  - E) Provide support and nutrition to neurons.
2. Can classify gliomas.
  - A) Low grade is less aggressive.
  - B) High grade is more aggressive.
3. Discuss malignant tumors.
4. Student mentions uncle's glioma.
  - A) Had astrocytoma.
  - B) Died after eighteen months.
5. Can treat glioma with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Answers (out loud):
1. A glial cell is a non-neuron cell of the central nervous system that provides nourishment and support to the neurons.
2. Low-grade describes the glioma as less aggressive in nature and provides a better prognosis for the patient.
3. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and experimental treatments.

B. Biology Class (3-21)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor defines symbiosis.
  - A) Two dissimilar organisms interact intimately or merge into one.
  - B) Larger one is host.
  - C) Smaller is symbiont.
2. Discusses mutualism.
  - A) Relationship where both partners profit.
    - Egyptian Plover bird and crocodile.
    - Goby fish and shrimp.
3. Sometimes mutualism is not always beneficial to one party.
  - Oxpecker and some large animals.
Answers (out loud):
1. Parasitism - the virus is benefiting from the relationship, but you are not.
2. The Egyptian Plover is getting an easy meal.
3. If the Oxpecker starts to draw and drink the buffalo's blood, then the relationship is parasitic.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (4-01)

Professor's Opinion of Erika: She is one of his best students (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Advice for Graduate School Search: He wants Erika to consider applying to schools in different places (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Attitude Towards London (Re-listen: "I settled on a very good program in Britain and got to live in the exciting city of London."): He thinks it is an exciting city (Correct Answer: A).
Jobs Student Considering (Choose 2):
- Counselor (Correct Answer: B).
- Elementary school teacher (Correct Answer: C).
Why Student Visits Professor: To inquire about her academic future (Correct Answer: B).

Lecture (4-02)

Professor's Attitude Towards Plant Extinction: It should be prevented as much as possible (Correct Answer: C).
How Purple Loosestrife Affects Other Plants: It can spread too quickly and widely and choke off other plants (Correct Answer: C).
How Humans Should Deal with Species: Whether endemic or exotic, the preservation of all species should be a priority (Correct Answer: A).
Why Professor Explains Norway Maple: To give an example of a harmless naturalized plant (Correct Answer: C).
Discussion Organization: By providing examples of the effects of naturalized plants (Correct Answer: A).
Professor's Implication About National Parks: They have helped keep various plants from becoming extinct (Correct Answer: D).

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

clause (a provision in a contract)
merge (to join)
momentum (speed of movement)
terrestrial (pertaining to land or ground)
diagnosis (determining the nature of a disease)
aggressive (having or showing the potential to cause harm)
cadence (the rhythmic flow of words)
extraneous (not necessary)
urgent (requiring immediate action)
lament (to express grief)
apply (to put to use)
minor (not serious)
responsible (accountable for something)
harmless (without the power to cause injury)
model (an example used for a comparison)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (4-03).

This is a form of symbiosis in which two organisms both benefit from a close relationship. (mutualism)
This is the term used for a plant that is being introduced into a new habitat. (exotic species)
This is found in the central nervous system and provides nourishment and support to neurons. (glial cell)
This is created when very hot air spirals upward from the ground and forms a swirling column. (dust devil)
This was something created during the Industrial Revolution to protect men, women, and children working in factories. (trade union)

Part 3: Connecting Information

Unit 6: Understanding Organization

Overview

Introduction: These questions test your ability to recognize how the entire listening passage is organized or how different portions of the passage relate to one another. They ask you to identify the importance of information like topic changes, exemplifying, digressing, and introductory and concluding remarks. These questions test whether you understand how a part of the passage relates to the passage as a whole. They often occur in lectures and sometimes ask for more than one answer.
Question Types (Examples):
1. How does the professor organize the information about X that he presents to the class?
2. How is the discussion organized?
3. In what order does the speaker describe the topic?
4. Why does the professor discuss X?
5. Why does the professor mention X?
Useful Tips:
- Listen for common organizational patterns: giving examples, contrasting, comparing, classifying/categorizing, describing causes and effects, explaining in chronological order.
- Listen very carefully to recognize transitions in sequence.
- Take note of transitional words and the relationships between contents.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question: Why does the professor mention the harsh Arctic environment?
- A. To explain why polar bears have no natural enemies anywhere.
- B. To show how strong the polar bear is to be able to survive there.
- C. To prove that the Arctic is one of the coldest places on Earth.
- D. To describe the kinds of animals that can survive in the Arctic.
Script Excerpt: "Now, you're probably aware that the Arctic is an extremely harsh environment and one of the coldest places on Earth. But let me remind you of what it's really like in the Arctic, especially in late December or early January… The polar bear, however, thrives in this kind of environment."
Correct Answer: B. The professor describes the harshness of the environment to demonstrate the polar bear's strength in surviving such conditions.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Professor (4-05)

Inference about Student: He is not close to many professors (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Request (Choose 2):
- A resume (Correct Answer: B).
- An abstract of his research project (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "I'm honored that you've asked me, Adrian, and I'm more than happy to help you out, but don't you think you ought to ask Professor Smith instead? After all, he is your advisor, and he's the professor that you've worked with the longest in all of your years here."): He does not know the student as well as Professor Smith (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student wants to speak with professor.
2. Asks professor to write letter of recommendation.
  - A) Professor says he is not student's advisor.
  - B) Thinks Professor Smith would be better.
3. Student can't contact Professor Smith.
4. Professor agrees to write letter of recommendation.
  - A) Doesn't know student well.
  - B) Asks for student's personal information, List of physics classes taken.
5. Student promises to send information.
6. Student wants to attend current school for graduate studies.
Summary Completion:
- A student goes to a professor and asks to speak with him for a few minutes. The professor ( $1$ ) inquires as to what's on the student's mind. The student wants the professor to write some letters of ( $2$ ) recommendation for him. The professor believes the student's advisor, Professor Smith, would be a better choice, but the student is unable to contact Professor Smith, who is ( $3$ ) out of the country at a conference. The professor agrees to write the letters but says that he needs the student's personal information, including a ( $4$ ) resume and list of classes taken. The student says that he will send the information by ( $5$ ) e-mail when he goes home. He then ( $6$ ) mentions that he would love to attend his current school for graduate work and hopes that he is accepted.

B. Student and Librarian (4-06)

Why Librarian Mentions Equal Treatment: The student argued that her overdue book was not important (Correct Answer: C).
What Student Must Do Before Checkout: Pay a $10$ late fee (Correct Answer: B).
Librarian's Opinion of Student's Disability: She thinks it is not the reason the book was overdue (Correct Answer: D).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student wants to borrow a reserved article for class.
2. Has a library fine so can't borrow material.
3. Must pay ten dollars.
4. Says does not have the money.
  - A) Claims she is disabled.
  - B) Shouldn't have to pay fine.
5. Student finally pays money.
6. Borrows article.
Summary Completion:
- A student asked a librarian to borrow an article which was on reserve. However, the librarian noticed that the student had ( $1$ ) an outstanding fine and told the student that she had to pay the fine, which was ten dollars, before ( $2$ ) she would be allowed to sign out the article. The librarian said the student had returned a library book one week late. ( $3$ ) The student asked the librarian to waive the fine and ( $4$ ) gave her several reasons as to why she should waive it. Among the reasons were the facts that the student had a ( $5$ ) hearing disability and the book was not very important. The librarian ( $6$ ) insisted that the student had to pay the fine. The student then reluctantly paid the ten-dollar fine.

C. Student and Professor (4-07)

Why Professor Mentions Bedtime: He says it is the reason he made a grading mistake (Correct Answer: A).
Student's Grade Position: It is a decent grade but not the best (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Attitude (Re-listen: "Nonsense, young man. I never make mistakes with grades!" then "Ha ha ha! No, not at all. I must admit, from time to time, I do make errors."): He is joking around (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student asks to speak with professor.
  - A) Says made mistake on his grade.
  - B) Professor doesn't believe him.
2. Student shows the scores.
3. Professor can't find student on list for error.
4. Was looking at wrong file.
5. Professor agrees grade was wrong.
6. Apologizes.
Summary Completion:
- A student went to his professor's office to tell him that ( $1$ ) he suspected that the professor ( $2$ ) had made a mistake when he calculated the student's quantum physics grade. The student said that ( $3$ ) according to the professor's spreadsheet, his grade was only a $72$ , but his midterm score was an $85$ , and his quiz score was a $90$ . Therefore, he felt his grade should have been higher than a $72$ . The ( $4$ ) professor told him that he sometimes makes mistakes ( $5$ ) calculating grades. He asked for the student's ID number but couldn't find the student on the class list. Eventually, ( $6$ ) he found the right list and confirmed that student's statements were correct. He informed the student that ( $7$ ) the correct grade should have been $86$ . He apologized for the mistake and told the student that he did the grades late at night.

D. Student and Librarian (4-08)

Why Librarian Mentions Returned Books Section: She believes the book the man is looking for may be there (Correct Answer: C).
Why Student Visits Librarian: To ask about a book's availability (Correct Answer: C).
Librarian's Attitude: She is eager to be of assistance (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits library.
  - A) Asks to renew books.
  - B) Hopes he does not have to bring books with him.
2. Librarian renews his books.
3. Student asks about another book.
  - A) Needs it for research project.
  - B) Is expensive so does not want to buy it.
4. Librarian finds that book is available.
  - A) Gives man call number.
  - B) Tells him what to do if book is not there.
Summary Completion:
- A student goes to the library to ( $1$ ) to renew some of his books. He asks the librarian if he needs to bring the books with him, but she tells him that is not necessary. He gives her ( $2$ ) his ID card and she calls his name up on the computer. She then renews the student's books for him. The student then proceeds to ask a question about a book that he needs to complete ( $3$ ) his research project. He says that the book is currently ( $4$ ) checked out, and, because it is so expensive, he does not want to purchase it. The librarian checks ( $5$ ) its availability and notices that the book was returned that day. She gives the man the book's call number and then tells him that if the book is not ( $6$ ) on the shelves, he should tell her, and then she will go find the book in the returned books section.

Practice with Lectures

A. Economy Class (4-09)

Professor's Organization: By comparing the characteristics of two types of trading policies (Correct Answer: C).
Least Likely True About Free Trade: It will apply to goods but not services (Correct Answer: B).
Likely Outcome of Protectionist Policies: The prices of most goods will rise (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses free trade.
  - A) Is free flow of goods and services.
  - B) Lets people buy and sell anything.
  - C) Will create wealth for both partners.
2. Free trade has different meanings to people.
3. Describes protectionism.
  - A) Prevents people from trading.
  - B) Can include tariffs.
4. Describes advantages of free trade.
  - A) Cheap manufacturing.
  - B) Outsource jobs.
  - C) Improve economies of developing nations.
Summary Completion:
- Free trade is the free flow of goods and services between nations. Some of the characteristics of free trade are the ( $1$ ) absence of tariffs that limit the free ( $2$ ) flow of business. Protectionism is government restraint on trade between two nations. It is one nation's efforts to prevent its own people from trading. Such protective measures include tariffs, restrictive quotas, government regulations, anti-dumping laws, and subsidies. Free trade agreements usually involve some ( $3$ ) protective policies. One major advantage of free trade is that it keeps prices down, but, ( $4$ ) at the same time, a big disadvantage is that it might cause many ( $5$ ) domestic businesses to suffer economically, domestic jobs to disappear, and domestic wages to decrease. Foreign businesses, especially in poorer countries, can provide the same ( $6$ ) goods and services at a cheaper price because of lower labor costs.

B. Art Class (4-10)

Professor's Organization: It is organized in chronological order (Correct Answer: D).
First to Make Multiple Copies: William Henry Talbot (Correct Answer: C).
Inference (Re-listen: Schulze's discovery, early photographic limits): Today it is no longer possible to darken silver nitrate (Correct Answer: C is actually wrong in this context, the correct answer should be A, "The ancient Greeks could have invented cameras but they had no use for them.", the provided text states the current answer (C) as correct, but it seems to be an error in their logic.) The correct answer is that today it is not possible to look at the first photographic image of $1814$ as it quickly faded. (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor gives history of camera.
  - A) Chinese and Greek philosophers describe its principles.
  - B) Isaac Newton discovers light is made of all colors.
  - C) Johann Heinrich Schulze learns light can darken silver nitrate.
  - D) Joseph Nicéphore Niépce creates first photographic image.
2. Louis Daguerre experiments with photography.
  - A) Captured an image that didn't fade.
  - B) Developed photographic plates.
3. William Henry Talbot developed negative-positive process.
4. Frederick Scott Archer invented Collodion process.
5. Cameras first mass-marketed in 1900s.
6. More inventions later.
Summary Completion:
- The history of photography is a long one. In the fourth and fifth centuries B.C., Greek and Chinese philosophers were already ( $1$ ) familiar with the basic principles of cameras. In $1727$ , Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that ( $2$ ) exposure to light would darken silver nitrate. Finally, in $1814$ , a Frenchman, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, created a photographic image, but it wasn't very practical because it needed to be exposed to light for ( $3$ ) at least eight hours and the image quickly faded. In $1833$ , his business partner, Louis Daguerre, became the first to capture a permanent image. He accomplished this by immersing the image ( $4$ ) in salt. Also, he developed ( $5$ ) photographic plates, which significantly reduced the required exposure time to thirty minutes. In $1841$ , William Henry Talbot ( $6$ ) invented a process that ( $7$ ) made it possible to have multiple copies of the same image. Finally, in $1851$ , Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process, in which images ( $8$ ) only required a few seconds light exposure.

C. Archeology Class (4-11)

Professor's Organization: From theory to practice (Correct Answer: C).
Land Development Effect on Sites: It can destroy valuable archeological sites (Correct Answer: B).
Discussion Organization: By class, or types of archeology (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes archeology.
  - A) Study of ancient cultures.
  - B) Examine human activities.
  - C) Must dig for them.
2. Describes rescue archeology.
  - A) Survey endangered areas.
  - B) Must excavate quickly.
  - C) Is common in cities and development.
3. Thousands of digs throughout world.
  - A) Many in Mexico.
  - B) Mentions Pompeii.
Summary Completion:
- Ancient cultures left little or no written history, but archeologists can learn a lot about these cultures by examining ( $1$ ) ancient remains such as buildings, tools, graves, and artifacts. These remains are our chief ( $2$ ) source of knowledge of prehistoric and ancient cultures. Archeologists get their information by ( $3$ ) digging or excavating. One kind of archeology is rescue ( $4$ ) examination of sites threatened by land development. Usually, development is imminent, so archeologists must urgently excavate before the bulldozers move in. Many sites also suffer ( $5$ ) a lot of erosion which adds to the peril of the situation. In such a case, excavation becomes an exercise in damage control. Sometimes excavation can be done at a relaxed pace ( $6$ ) with no deadlines. This is called research excavation. During this type of excavation, archeologists have more resources and can excavate more fully. Right now, there are thousands of digs taking place ( $7$ ) all over the world. The countries where ancient civilizations were located tend to have the most archeological sites.

D. Zoology Class (4-12)

Professor's Lecture Start: By asking students to comment on a specific plate (Correct Answer: D).
Most Kitchenware Produced: In factories (Correct Answer: C).
Inference from Lecture: Pottery began thousands of years ago (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes ceramics.
  - A) Are objects made from clay.
  - B) Often called pottery.
  - C) Are used as kitchenware.
  - D) Oldest form of art.
2. Describes manufacturing process.
  - A) Create pot with potter's wheel and hands.
  - B) Heat clay in kiln.
  - C) Hardens.
  - D) Glazed before firing again.
Summary Completion:
- Generally, ceramic arts, which are sometimes referred to as pottery, are pieces made from a ( $1$ ) combination of inorganic non-metallic materials and heat. The most common ingredient is clay, but it's usually mixed with ( $2$ ) various minerals. Typically, pottery is something people have used their entire lives: kitchenware. It usually has utilitarian purposes, but sometimes it's designed purely for decorative reasons. It's very durable, and ( $3$ ) it's the oldest form of art. Many pieces date back to the age of prehistoric man. Much of the kitchenware seen in the stores ( $4$ ) is mass produced in factories. However, many pots are made in old-fashioned, modest studios. And they're made by hand. The potter starts with a hunk of clay, ( $5$ ) shapes it with his hands, and then heats it up in a kiln. ( $6$ ) This hardens the clay. Pots and other ceramic arts are usually heated at an extremely high temperature, but they're always glazed before the final firing, which gives them a refined look and makes it non-porous. Artists may add a final touch to it as well.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Economy Class (4-13)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses free trade.
  - A) Is free flow of goods and services.
  - B) Lets people buy and sell anything.
  - C) Will create wealth for both partners.
2. Free trade has different meanings to people.
3. Describes protectionism.
  - A) Prevents people from trading.
  - B) Can include tariffs.
4. Describes advantages of free trade.
  - A) Cheap manufacturing.
  - B) Outsource jobs.
  - C) Improve economies of developing nations.
Answers (out loud):
1. Free trade is the free flow of goods and services between nations.
2. Protectionism.
3. Stronger domestic businesses, more domestic jobs, and higher domestic wages.

B. Zoology Class (4-14)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes ceramics.
  - A) Is objects made from clay.
  - B) Often called pottery.
  - C) Is used as kitchenware.
  - D) Oldest form of art.
2. Describes manufacturing process.
  - A) Create pot with potter's wheel and hands.
  - B) Heat clay in kiln.
  - C) Hardens.
  - D) Glazed before firing again.
Answers (out loud):
1. They use it for bowls and plates and other practical reasons.
2. Shape some clay, let it dry, cook it in a kiln, and let it harden.
3. It is the process that makes pots look nice.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (4-15)

Student's Reason for Late Purchase: He did not have time to read it before (Correct Answer: D).
Limited Shelf Space Effect: They send unsold books back to the publisher (Correct Answer: B).
Woman's Inference (Re-listen: "They're buying a lot of their textbooks online. Check the online bookstores. Check Amazon and E-Bay. They've got just about everything, including textbooks. And they ship things very quickly."): Some online stores sell more than just textbooks (Correct Answer: C).
Why Clerk Mentions Sister: To point out the way that she acquires her books (Correct Answer: B).
What Student Will Probably Do Next: Purchase the book online (Correct Answer: A).

Lecture (4-16)

Professor's Lecture Organization: He began with general information about hibernation and moved toward specific information about bears (Correct Answer: A).
Predictive Dormancy Practice: They hibernate as the days decrease in length (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Inference (Re-listen: "The non-hibernators are red foxes, gray squirrels, and wild turkeys."): People can expect to see gray squirrels in the winter (Correct Answer: B).
Hibernator Types:
- (A) Raccoons: Torpor Hibernators
- (B) Toads: Deep Hibernators
- (C) Skunks: Torpor Hibernators
- (D) Woodchucks: Deep Hibernators
Main Topic of Lecture: The characteristics of various hibernators (Correct Answer: B).
True Hibernation: A state of complete inactivity for a long period of time (Correct Answer: A).

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

furor (anger)
subsidize (to provide economic assistance)
jeopardize (to put in danger)
resemble (to look the same as)
reconstruct (to put back together)
incinerator (something that burns things)
dwindle (to decrease or get smaller)
snowball (to spread)
disabled (unable to do things because of a physical problem)
erosion (a process by which something is broken down)
durable (long-lasting)
upset (unhappy)
make (to manufacture)
accomplish (to achieve)
quantum (an amount of energy)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (4-17).

This is the digging of a big hole to expose ancient remains and other findings so that we can learn more about ancient cultures. (Excavation)
This activity saves energy and natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. (Recycling)
This is a government policy that allows people to trade whatever they want with whomever they want, without any government interference. (Free trade)
This art is made from clay and other materials. Usually, it requires a very hot kiln. (Pottery)
This technology slowly developed over several hundred years but finally started to capture images in the $19^{th}$ century. (Photography)
Archeology is the study of ancient cultures by examining ancient remains. (Archeology)

Unit 7: Connecting Information

Overview

Introduction: These questions test your ability to identify relationships between ideas, sometimes explicit, other times inferred. They may ask you to classify items, identify event sequences or process steps, specify relationships between ideas not explicitly stated, or make inferences and predictions based on provided information.
Question Types (Examples):
1. What is the likely outcome of doing procedure X before procedure Y?
2. What can be inferred about X?
3. What does the professor imply about X?
Useful Tips:
- Pay attention to how you take notes.
- Note category words, their characteristics, and examples.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question: What can be inferred about the student's roommate?
- A. His grades are not very good.
- B. He does not enjoy his classes.
- C. He is a very selfish individual.
- D. He has more friends than the student.
Script Excerpt: "…I try to be as patient as possible with him, but when the shoe is on the other foot, he is not as understanding. For example, one night I invited a few of my friends over so we could work on a project. My roommate got upset when they wouldn't leave by eleven in the evening, but then the very next night, he invited his friends over, and they stayed up talking until two a.m.!"
Correct Answer: C. The student's roommate only thinks about his own situation, making him very selfish.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Professor (4-19)

Professor's Implication about Ascending Quickly: It can affect people who are in good physical condition (Correct Answer: B).
How Acclimatization Affects Body: It can cause altitude sickness (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Implication (Re-listen: Professor's patient explanation): He does not mind patiently explaining the subject (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student wants to speak to professor.
  - A) Had problem understanding lecture.
  - B) Professor offers to explain more.
2. Discusses high altitude sickness.
  - A) Occurs in people going high up.
  - B) Caused by lack of oxygen.
  - C) Can cause feelings of lightheadedness or nausea.
3. Some are acclimatized to it.
4. Hydration helps prevent it.
Summary Completion:
- A student asked his professor to help him ( $1$ ) understand a concept from an earlier lecture. The lecture was about high altitude sickness. The professor started by defining high altitude sickness as an illness that occurs when people ( $2$ ) ascend into the atmosphere too quickly. People tend to feel ill because they are not breathing as many ( $3$ ) oxygen molecules as they normally do. If a person were on a plane that was flying at $12,000$ feet, he would be taking in ( $4$ ) 40% fewer oxygen molecules with each breath. This depletion in oxygen intake can cause the person to feel dizzy or nauseous. The professor then told the student about some of the ( $5$ ) ways to acclimatize in high altitudes. The person could start to ascend from no more than $10,000$ feet and ascend slowly. The professor also pointed out the benefits of drinking plenty of fluids and ( $6$ ) of refraining from strenuous activity for the first twenty-four hours after flying.

B. Student and Housing Office Clerk (4-20)

Why Student Must Remain One Semester More: She has to do student teaching (Correct Answer: A).
Clerk's Reason for Foreign Student's Room: The foreign student does not know the area (Correct Answer: B).
Inference about Incoming Foreign Students: They should be made to feel as welcome as possible (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits housing office.
  - A) Wants to stay in dormitory longer.
  - B) Gives personal information.
2. Clerk says can't stay there because of foreign student.
3. Student becomes upset.
4. Clerk refuses to kick foreign student out.
5. Student understands situation.
Summary Completion:
- A student stops by the housing office to let the clerk know that she needs to remain in her dorm room for an ( $1$ ) extra semester because she forgot she had to ( $2$ ) complete her student teaching. The clerk checks the computer and finds that her room has already been allocated to a ( $3$ ) foreign student for next semester, so the student must ( $4$ ) find new housing. This angers the student since she feels she should be able to remain in her room since she is a senior. The clerk kindly informs her that the reason the university puts foreign students in dorm rooms is to try to ( $5$ ) help them get comfortable in a new country and on a new campus. The clerk suggests that she find an off-campus house with one of her friends. The student understands the clerk's point of view and mentions a friend she knows that ( $6$ ) needs a roommate.

C. Student and Music Hall Official (4-21)

Officer's Compromise: The officer allows the student to practice in the theater building (Correct Answer: C).
Inconvenience of After-Hours Construction: The noise of the construction would keep the students up all night (Correct Answer: B).
Officer's Initial Attitude: He pities the student, but he is being practical (Correct Answer: D).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student complains about noise.
  - A) Construction causes noise.
  - B) Can't concentrate on piano playing.
2. Official says workers can't stop construction.
3. Student needs to practice for concert.
4. Official offers to let student use different piano for one week.
5. Student agrees.
Summary Completion:
- A student storms into Lincoln Music Hall and ( $1$ ) complains to the official on duty that she ( $2$ ) cannot hear herself practicing the piano because there are construction workers in the building. The officer apologizes but tells her that the upgrades on ( $3$ ) Lincoln Hall are necessary before the big concert and that the construction workers are ( $4$ ) making too much noise. The student says that she requires a full ( $5$ ) six weeks of practice on her Bach piece and simply cannot have that much noise. The official offers her a ( $6$ ) compromise. He will give her ( $7$ ) written permission to use the piano in the theater building for one week while the construction workers finish their job. The student agrees to this compromise and thanks the official.

D. Student and Student Office Clerk (4-22)

Likely Outcome of Missing Field Trip Without Calling: The student will be required to attend the field trip next semester (Correct Answer: A).
Why Call Science Office: The workers at Inglewood Forest only allow fifty students on a field trip at one time (Correct Answer: D).
Clerk's Implication (Re-listen: "On the morning of the field trip, wait at the bus stop, and, if a student does not show up, you can fill that vacancy. I would suggest that you get up early, however, as the vacancies are filled on a first-come, first-served basis, so you will want to make sure you are first in line."): She thinks the student will have a good chance of filling a vacancy provided he gets there on time (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student visits office worker.
  - A) Needs to go on field trip.
  - B) But application was denied.
2. Worker says student skipped last time.
3. Student never called to cancel.
  - A) Trip is popular.
  - B) If didn't cancel last time, cannot go on trip.
4. Student needs trip to graduate.
5. Can show up early in case other student doesn't show up.
Summary Completion:
- A student went into the science office because he ( $1$ ) could not understand why his application to attend the Inglewood Forest field trip had been denied. The office clerk informed him that the reason he was denied was that he had ( $2$ ) submitted an application for the same field trip last term but ( $3$ ) had not shown up on that day. The student explained that he did not attend the trip because he had the flu. The clerk told him that because he had not bothered to ( $4$ ) call in and inform the science office, he had ( $5$ ) forfeited his chance to go on the trip. The student told the clerk that he needed to attend the field trip in order to graduate and that there ( $6$ ) must be a way he could go. The clerk said that she was sorry, but the only way he would have a chance at going was to ( $7$ ) wait at the bus stop on the day of the trip and hope to ( $8$ ) fill a vacancy left by another student.

Practice with Lectures

A. Psychology Class (5-01)

Inhibition Situations:
- (A) Bobby keeps eating even though he is full: Negative display
- (B) Eric jumps into a fast moving river after his ball: Negative display
- (C) There is a fire, so Sue calls the fire department: Positive display
- (D) Mike refuses to take a bath for fear of drowning: Negative display
- (E) Lucy resists the temptation to steal candy from a store: Positive display
Positive Effect of Inhibition: It can keep the person out of a dangerous situation (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Implication about Inhibition: It can be viewed as good or bad depending on the situation (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes inhibition.
  - A) Can be positive or negative.
  - B) Provides different examples: Housefly going after food behind window; Boy and burning building.
2. Humans can think about inhibitions.
  - A) Describes shy girl at school.
  - B) Doesn't talk, so can't make friends - bad.
  - C) Doesn't talk to stranger, so is safe - good.
Summary Completion:
- Inhibition is a mental state in which a person either stops or is hesitant ( $1$ ) to follow through with a particular action. An example of inhibition is a housefly that repeatedly bashes itself against a window ( $2$ ) to get to food on the other side. It is the ( $3$ ) fly's instinct to obtain the food, and the fly's lack of inhibition keeps it from ( $4$ ) finding another method. In this case, a lack of inhibition is ( $5$ ) viewed as negative; however inhibition can also be seen as a good thing. It can help human beings find a better method of ( $6$ ) problem solving. For example, a child may want to chase a ball that bounces into the street. However, if the child should pause to look both ways, then her inhibition would allow her to ( $7$ ) make a safer choice.

B. Zoology Class (5-02)

Whale Characteristics:

Type	Teeth	Baleen	Migrates
(A) Humpback Whale		X	X
(B) Sperm Whale	X		X
(C) Killer Whale	X		X
(D) Blue Whale		X	X
Why Whales Migrate to Warmer Waters: To breed and give birth (Correct Answer: C).
Inference about Whale Intelligence: A whale uses its intelligence to adapt to stressful situations (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:

Professor discusses whales.
- A) Humpback whale has baleen.
- B) Blue whale has baleen.
Mentions baleen.
- A) Filters water from plankton.
- B) Made of keratin.
Toothed whales.
- A) Sperm whale.
- B) Bottlenose whale.
- C) Killer whale.
Whale migration.
- A) For food.
- B) For mating.
Whale intelligence.
- A) Have very large brains.
- B) Are social animals.
- C) Communicate through complex sounds.

Summary Completion:
- The mammals known as whales can be divided into two main groups: ( $1$ ) those with baleen and those with teeth. Baleen is a sieve-like structure made of ( $2$ ) keratin that filters out plankton for baleen whales to eat. Two types of baleen whales are the ( $3$ ) blue whale and the humpback whale. Toothed whales, such as the ( $4$ ) sperm whale and the killer whale, prey on larger animals such as fish or squid. Whales also migrate. They migrate into warmer waters ( $5$ ) to breed and give birth and then they migrate into colder waters ( $6$ ) to feed. One would think that the energy spent for these mass migrations would not be worth it; however, once whales are in their feeding waters, they are able to gorge to their hearts' content. Whales are very intelligent and will often ( $7$ ) work together in groups to try to avoid danger.

C. Culture Class (5-03)

Inference about Statue of Liberty: It is considered a very important site by American citizens (Correct Answer: C).
Statue of Liberty's Function (First $16$ Years): A lighthouse (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Organization of Information: Individually (Correct Answer: A).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions Mount Rushmore.
  - A) In South Dakota.
  - B) Sculptures of four US presidents.
  - C) Made to increase tourism.
  - D) Took fourteen years to finish.
2. Professor discusses Statue of Liberty.
  - A) Woman in robe wearing crown.
  - B) Given to U.S. by France.
  - C) In New York Harbor.
  - D) Has many symbols.
  - E) Very recognizable American icon.
Summary Completion:
- Two famous monuments in the United States are Mount Rushmore and the Statue of Liberty. Mount Rushmore is located in ( $1$ ) South Dakota and is a large sculpture of four United States presidents that is etched into the ( $2$ ) granite hillside of the tallest peak in the ( $3$ ) Black Hills. The four presidents represented in the sculpture are George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The monument was conceived by a man named Doane Robinson who was trying to think of a way to ( $4$ ) bring more tourists to the Black Hills region. A sculptor by the name of Gutzon Borglum and his four hundred workers completed Mount Rushmore in $1941$ . The Statue of Liberty is a monument of a woman wearing a robe and crown while ( $5$ ) holding a stone tablet and a flaming torch. She was given to the Americans by the French in $1884$ as a ( $6$ ) gesture of friendship and goodwill. One of the designers of the Statue of Liberty was Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the same man who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. The Statue of Liberty is made of ( $7$ ) pure copper and stands on an island in the middle of ( $8$ ) New York Harbor.

D. History Class (5-04)

Inference about Early Greek Tyrants: They were opposed by the elite (Correct Answer: C).
Result of Tyranny Rise: The word now refers to a leader who rules with absolute power (Correct Answer: D).
Inference about Words and Language: The meanings of words often evolve along with human civilizations (Correct Answer: C).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes tyranny in ancient Greece.
  - A) Past definition is different from current one.
  - B) Aristocrats secured power by helping poor.
  - C) Was during archaic period.
2. Describes ancient Greece.
  - A) Democracy starting.
  - B) Mostly monarchies.
  - C) Aristocrats overthrow them.
3. Mentions populists.
  - A) Type of tyrant.
  - B) Try to stand up for poor people.
  - C) Want equal representation.
Summary Completion:
- The term tyranny is defined as the ( $1$ ) unjust exercising of power by one ( $2$ ) absolute ruler over a group of people. Although the current term has negative connotations, the first tyrants were not harsh rulers but were in fact a group of aristocrats ( $3$ ) known as populists who wished to represent the ( $4$ ) poor people who were being undervalued and ( $5$ ) mistreated by the elite. Some of these populists gained control and became known as tyrants because their method of amassing support from the poor or slaves ( $6$ ) was to bribe them with money or promises of freedom.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Culture Class (5-05)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor mentions Mount Rushmore.
  - A) In South Dakota.
  - B) Sculptures of four U.S. presidents.
  - C) Made to increase tourism.
  - D) Took fourteen years to finish.
2. Professor discusses Statue of Liberty.
  - A) Woman in robe wearing crown.
  - B) Given to U.S. by France.
  - C) In New York Harbor.
  - D) Has many symbols.
  - E) Very recognizable American icon.
Answers (out loud):
1. South Dakota.
2. The first one hundred and fifty years of the American presidency.
3. A stone tablet and a flaming torch.

B. History Class (5-06)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor describes tyranny in ancient Greece.
  - A) Past definition is different from current one.
  - B) Aristocrats secured power by helping poor.
  - C) Was during archaic period.
2. Describes ancient Greece.
  - A) Democracy starting.
  - B) Mostly monarchies.
  - C) Aristocrats overthrow them.
3. Mentions populists.
  - A) Type of tyrant.
  - B) Try to stand up for poor people.
  - C) Want equal representation.
Answers (out loud):
1. The tyrants promised money, property, or freedom.
2. Eventually, power corrupted the tyrants, and they no longer made good on the promises they made to the lower class.
3. It originated in ancient Greece.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (5-07)

Why Mark Mentions Role Playing: They role play in class to prepare for job interviews (Correct Answer: B).
Inference About Nancy: She does not feel comfortable speaking in front of people (Correct Answer: A).
Man's Attitude Toward Woman: He wants to help her get into this class (Correct Answer: C).
What Woman Will Probably Do Next: Apply for the class (Correct Answer: C).
Main Discussion Topic: The concepts and skills taught in the man's class (Correct Answer: A).

Lecture (5-08)

John Dewey's Philosophy of Learning Pancakes: Gather the ingredients and recipe and try to make a pancake (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Implication about Dewey's Philosophy: It is better than the rote learning teaching philosophy (Correct Answer: A).
How Humans Learn Better: Humans learn better by participating in real-life activities (Correct Answer: A).
Woman's Implication (Re-listen: "Hey! That sounds just like the step-by-step process we use in laboratory experiments!"): She was not aware that she has already been using Dewey's methods (Correct Answer: C).
Main Aspect of John Dewey Discussed: His teaching philosophy (Correct Answer: B).
Why Professor Explains Educational Progressivism: To explain Dewey's thoughts on how people learn best (Correct Answer: B).

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

encompass (to surround or include)
peers (friends)
obtain (to acquire)
persuade (to convince)
inconvenience (something that causes discomfort or trouble)
upgrade (an improvement)
perish (to die)
conjure (to produce)
visage (the face)
distinguish (to recognize as different)
tourist (a person traveling for pleasure)
connotation (the associated meaning of a word)
gorge (to stuff with food)
tedious (long and tiresome)
pushy (self-assertive)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (5-09).

This is a philosophy of teaching and learning that emphasizes a hands-on approach and integration into society. (Progressive education)
This is a monument in South Dakota that features the sculpted faces of four American presidents. (Mount Rushmore)
This concept defines what happens when the brain stops the body from reacting instinctively. (Inhibition)
This was a type of ruler that gained support from the poor by promising them money. (Tyrant)
This is a field of science that looks at the effect people have on large weather patterns. (Bioclimatology)

Unit 8: Making Inferences

Overview

Introduction: These questions require you to draw conclusions based on facts presented in the listening passage, determining future outcomes. They may ask about simple processes, cause and effect, or comparisons and contrasts.
Question Types (Examples):
1. What does the professor imply about X?
2. What will the student probably do next?
3. What can be inferred about X?
4. What does the professor imply when he says this? (replay)
Useful Tips:
- Try to draw conclusions about details as you take notes.
- Try to generalize from the information you hear.
- Think about what is inferred by the speakers.
- Concentrate on answer choices that use words not explicitly in the passage.

Sample iBT Question Analysis

Question: What will the student probably do next?
- A. Call her friend immediately.
- B. File a complaint about the janitor.
- C. Continue looking for her ID card.
- D. Wait for her friend to arrive.
Script Excerpt: "…Look! My friend will be picking me up in a minute… She's going to pick me up. She'll be here in a minute… Okay… Uh, if she has proper identification, I'll let you do that."
Correct Answer: D. The student says her friend will be meeting her soon, so she will likely just wait for her friend to arrive.

Practice with Conversations

A. Student and Bookstore Manager (5-11)

Inference from Conversation: Most of the used books in the store do not look brand new (Correct Answer: D).
Why Textbooks in Good Condition: The student never read them (Correct Answer: B).
Manager's Implication (Re-listen: "Well, I'm not trying to rip you off. If you worked here, you'd understand what I'm talking about. People are simply not interested in paying a lot for used books. It's the same at every used bookstore. They're looking for bargains and very few of them will pay more than $50$ %."): He is being fair to the inexperienced student (Correct Answer: C).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student goes to bookstore.
  - A) Wants to sell textbooks.
  - B) Has never read them.
2. Wants to sell them for high price.
3. Manager offers lower price.
  - A) Will pay 25% of the original price.
  - B) Student wants 50%.
4. Manager explains bookstore policy.
5. Student takes 25% price.
Summary Completion:
- A student brought a ( $1$ ) box of textbooks into a bookstore and spoke to the manager. The manager expressed surprise that the books were almost new. The student told him the books cost him $430$ but he would sell them for $300$ . The manager replied that he could only pay $25$ % of the ( $2$ ) original purchase prices for the books. He said a $25$ % buyback system was the policy for all books. ( $3$ ) The student asked why the policy was only $25$ %. The manager replied that most of the customers were ( $4$ ) unwilling to pay more than $50$ % for used books, so, in order to make a profit, the store couldn't afford to pay more than ( $5$ ) 25% for the books. The student understood and agreed to sell them for $110$ .

B. Student and Librarian (5-12)

Inference from Conversation: The librarian feels the student should be more careful (Correct Answer: C).
Inference about Librarian: He is a kind and helpful person (Correct Answer: B).
Possible CD Location: It could be tossed in with the other library materials (Correct Answer: D).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student goes to library to drop off CD.
2. Had lost game CD earlier.
  - A) Was her brother's game CD.
  - B) Think she dropped it off at library.
3. Librarian said had not been reported.
4. Gets student's information.
5. Will call if finds CD.
Summary Completion:
- A student went to the library to return a CD. She told the librarian that ( $1$ ) a week earlier she had accidentally returned her brother's CD, which looked like the CD that ( $2$ ) she borrowed from the library. She said she wanted to get her brother's CD back if possible. The librarian said that ( $3$ ) he had not seen it. He checked the miscellaneous basket, but it wasn't there. He told her that ( $4$ ) nobody had noticed the CD yet. The student then gave him ( $5$ ) her name and phone number. The librarian said that if anybody came across the CD, he would call her. She asked him about the fine for returning the library's CD so late. The librarian told her that ( $6$ ) he wasn't going to charge her for the CD. She thanked him.

C. Student and Professor (5-13)

Inference from Conversation: The student wants to become a social worker (Correct Answer: C).
Why Professor Says "Give Mom a Hug": He thinks the orphanage was great work experience (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Implication about Orphanage Experience: It will really impress the interviewers (Correct Answer: A).
Conversation Notes:
1. Student tells professor about upcoming interview.
  - A) Doesn't like job interviews.
  - B) Got rejected by McDonald's.
2. Professor encourages student.
  - A) Says to talk about KFC experience.
  - B) Says don't volunteer negative experience.
3. Student volunteered at orphanage.
  - A) Professor says to talk about that.
  - B) Is good work experience.
Summary Completion:
- A student ( $1$ ) asked his professor for some advice for his job interview. It was for a social work position. The student said ( $2$ ) he was nervous about that. When the professor asked why, the student replied that ( $3$ ) he didn't have any experience in social work and he hadn't done an interview in six years. He said he had an interview at McDonald's but wasn't hired. The professor told him not to mention that at the interview. The student also told the professor ( $4$ ) he worked at KFC as a cook. He said he enjoyed the job and got along well with everyone. The professor was happy to hear this. He said the employers probably already understood that he had little work experience, but they might be looking for a bright, ( $5$ ) smiling person who was a good team player and easy to get along with. The student mentioned he had volunteered at an orphanage. The professor was very pleased. He advised the student to talk a lot about that experience.

D. Student and Professor (5-14)

Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "You just wrote that he sought the help of the Marquis de Lafayette. Didn't you come to class when we spoke about Franklin's work in France?"): The student's answer about Franklin's work in France was incorrect (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Advice: Be at least a little familiar with each topic (Correct Answer: D).
Number of Exam Questions: Three (Correct Answer: B).
Conversation Notes:
1. Professor wants to speak to student.
  - A) Concerned about her failing test.
  - B) Said she didn't understand some topics.
2. Professor goes over exam.
  - A) Explains first question.
  - B) Explains second question.
  - C) Explains third question.
3. Professor tells student to visit before next test.
Summary Completion:
- A professor asked her student why she failed her exam. The student told the professor that ( $1$ ) she failed because she didn't understand two of the topics. There were three questions on the exam. Each one was ( $2$ ) an essay question. The student said she understood ( $3$ ) most of the topics. She said there were only two topics she didn't understand and, by coincidence, ( $4$ ) two of the three questions on the exam were about the two she didn't understand. The professor told the student that her class participation was good and that ( $5$ ) she did well on her assignment. The professor went over the exam questions with the student and told her ( $6$ ) next time to study all of the topics at least a little and to meet with her before ( $7$ ) the final exam for some more guidance.

Practice with Lectures

A. Art Class (5-15)

Inference about "Eskimos" Term: Inuit people do not want to be called Eskimos (Correct Answer: A).
Inuit Living Location: In Arctic Canada (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Implication (Re-listen: "We used to call them Eskimos, but today, that term is regarded by many Inuit as derogatory."): One should not call an Inuit person an Eskimo (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses Inuit art.
  - A) Live in Arctic areas.
  - B) Mostly associated with Canada.
  - C) Have many kinds of artwork.
2. Inuit sculptures.
  - A) Becoming commercialized.
  - B) Are miniature carvings.
  - C) Are polished and realistic.
  - D) Animal and human subjects.
  - E) Made of many raw materials but not wood.
Summary Completion:
- The Inuit are northern people who live in the Arctic areas of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Greenland. Inuit art includes sculptures, paintings, and prints. Prior to the $1950$ s, ( $1$ ) Inuit carvings were small enough to hold inside one's fist. Today, the carvings have become bigger because the Inuit have settled into ( $2$ ) permanent settlements and are trying to satisfy market demand. So now, we have miniatures and larger sculptures. Also, since the $1980$ s, Inuit carvings have become more polished and ( $3$ ) realistic. The subjects of these carvings are usually animals and humans. The animals are bears, seals, whales, walruses, and ( $4$ ) sometimes birds. Some themes are humorous while others are more serious. A ( $5$ ) unique characteristic of Inuit carvings is that they're never made of wood. The artists use whatever raw materials are ( $6$ ) available from the land and sea. The most common substance is a stone called serpentine. It's available in a range of colors from ( $7$ ) green to black. Other stones used include marble, quartz, and dolomite.

B. Meteorology Class (5-16)

Inference from Lecture: There is still a lot that scientists do not understand about El Nino and La Nina (Correct Answer: B).
Characteristic of La Nina: In the winter, it tends to accentuate weather patterns (Correct Answer: C).
El Nino's Weather Effects: Very dry, warm weather and some severe rainstorms (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Discusses meteorology.
2. Mentions EL Nino.
  - A) Brings warm water to South America.
  - B) Occurs every 5-8 years.
  - C) Reduces fish and plant life in area.
  - D) Can change weather worldwide.
3. Mentions La Nina.
  - A) Brings cold water to South America.
  - B) Happens half as often as El Nino.
4. Gives positive and negative effects of El Nino.
Summary Completion:
- El Nino and La Nina are weather phenomena that both originate in the southern hemisphere and occur in the ( $1$ ) Pacific Ocean. Both cause major temperature changes in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean, and eventually they trigger ( $2$ ) unusual weather phenomena worldwide. El Nino brings warm water to the west coast of ( $3$ ) South America, and La Nina brings cold water to the west coast of South America. The warm water El Nino brings to the coastal waters of Peru rises, replaces the cool nutrient-rich ( $4$ ) water at the surface, and drastically reduces ( $5$ ) the amount of plant life and fish in the area. El Nino causes unusual weather in many different areas, including droughts and severe rainstorms. La Nina contributes to ( $6$ ) hurricane development and in the winter accentuates climate in certain areas. For example, in the winter, it may cause Florida to be warmer and drier than usual.

C. Writing Class (5-17)

Inference from Lecture: Angela's Ashes is a memoir (Correct Answer: C).
Memoir Characteristics: They are no longer written only by famous public officials (Correct Answer: B).
What Students Will Probably Do Next: Go outside and start writing their assignment (Correct Answer: D).
Lecture Notes:
1. Professor gives assignment to write memoir.
2. Explains biography.
  - A) Account of another person's life.
  - B) Autobiography describes writer's own life.
3. Describes memoir.
  - A) Does not need much research like autobiography.
  - B) Has narrow focus.
  - C) About important part of one's life.
  - D) Usually written by important people.
  - E) Is in narrative form.
Summary Completion:
- A biography is an account of another person's life rather than one's own. An autobiography is ( $1$ ) a detailed story of one's own life, usually from childhood to old age. It's a chronological, detailed, ( $2$ ) personal history that requires ( $3$ ) a lot of research and interviews. It requires a lot of work. A memoir is a type of autobiography which focuses on only ( $4$ ) a part of your life. The writer merely needs to recall some events that have occurred in his life. No research is required. It's usually shorter than an autobiography. It usually focuses on events that are significant to the writer. If the person is ( $5$ ) a public figure, then he writes his recollections and emotions regarding some of the important public events of his life. Historically, they were written by world leaders, politicians, ( $6$ ) military leaders, and other famous people, but that's now changing.

D. Geology Class (5-18)

Inference from Lecture: Earthquakes are related to events in the lithosphere and asthenosphere (Correct Answer: C).
Number of Plates: 19 (Actual: $7$ major and $12$ minor = $19$ total) (Correct Answer: B).
Description of Earth's Interior: The interior of the Earth is very hot (Correct Answer: B).
Lecture Notes:
1. Describes lithosphere.
  - A) Earth's exterior - the crust.
  - B) Includes continents, rocks, and ocean floor.
  - C) Like a giant puzzle.
2. Describes asthenosphere.
  - A) Is semi-plastic.
  - B) Is fluid.
  - C) Causes tectonic plates to move.
3. Describes plate tectonics.
  - A) Causes earthquakes.
  - B) Makes mountains.
  - C) 7 major and 12 minor plates.
Summary Completion:
- The lithosphere is the ( $1$ ) Earth's exterior. It's the crust, which includes the continents, the ( $2$ ) ocean floor, tectonic plates and ( $3$ ) the upper part of the asthenosphere, which is located just below the crust. On the continents, the crust is about $80$ km deep, but below the ocean, it's only ( $4$ ) about 5km thick. The exterior of the Earth is like a puzzle broken up into giant plates that fit around Earth like a jigsaw puzzle. These giant pieces are called tectonic plates. The continents rest on these plates. They ( $5$ ) slide along the upper part of the asthenosphere, which consists of a semi-plastic molten rock material, like silly putty. It is more fluid, and it moves as it responds to the churning motions of ( $6$ ) the extremely hot interior of the Earth below. These movements inside the asthenosphere cause the tectonic plates to move as they glide or float on the moving asthenosphere. There are ( $7$ ) seven major plates and twelve minor plates. Because the plates only move ( $8$ ) a few inches a year, it takes millions of years for the continents to move. But, at one time, the continents were mostly connected together.

Integrated Listening & Speaking

A. Art Class (5-19)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor discusses Inuit art.
  - A) Live in Arctic areas.
  - B) Mostly associated with Canada.
  - C) Have many kinds of artwork.
2. Inuit sculptures.
  - A) Becoming commercialized.
  - B) Are miniature carvings.
  - C) Are polished and realistic.
  - D) Animal and human subjects.
  - E) Made of many raw materials but not wood.
Answers (out loud):
1. They are small enough to fit in the palm of your hand.
2. They live in the Arctic areas of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and Greenland.
3. They are made of stones like serpentine, marble, quartz, dolomite, and soapstone.

B. Writing Class (5-20)

Lecture Notes:
1. Professor gives assignment to write memoir.
2. Explains biography.
  - A) Account of another person's life.
  - B) Autobiography describes writer's own life.
3. Describes memoir.
  - A) Does not need much research like autobiography.
  - B) Has narrow focus.
  - C) About important part of one's life.
  - D) Usually written by important people.
  - E) Is in narrative form.
Answers (out loud):
1. Autobiographies describe one's entire life, while memoirs only focus on part of a person's life.
2. There's no research required to write a memoir.
3. Historically, they were written by world leaders, military leaders, politicians, and other famous people.

TOEFL iBT Practice Test

Conversation (5-21)

Woman's Attitude Towards Man: She is very patient with him (Correct Answer: C).
Man's Experience at Previous School: He was allowed to use all the facilities for free (Correct Answer: B).
Woman's Meaning (Re-listen: "If you want to become a member of that gym, it will run $200$ a semester. Are you interested in that?"): To warn the man that membership is expensive (Correct Answer: C).
Location of Peterson Gym: The fifth floor of the building (Correct Answer: B).
Inference About the Man: He will visit the gym again (Correct Answer: A).

Lecture (5-22)

Inference from Lecture: Arachnologists believe that over $100,000$ existing species of spiders have not yet been discovered (Correct Answer: C).
Spiders' Webs Origin: They come from their spinnerets (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Topic (Re-listen: "Spiders have to molt their external skeleton before they can grow larger. Molt means shed."): The death of spiders (Correct Answer: C, though the context is more about growth and shedding the exoskeleton).
Uses of Spider Silk (Choose $2$ ):
- Raising their young (Correct Answer: B).
- Climbing structures (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Organization of Information: By making note of its numerous uses (Correct Answer: B).
Why Spiderman Mentioned: To compare his characteristics with actual spiders (Correct Answer: B).

Vocabulary Review

A. Choose and write the correct word that matches each definition.

fluid (a liquid)
glide (to slide smoothly)
nomads (people that keep moving)
tactic (a plan or strategy)
flourish (to grow well)
derogatory (insulting)
obsolete (no longer useful or helpful; too old)
obliterate (to destroy something completely)
foreshadow (to hint about what will happen in the future)
authentic (real and genuine)
buck (a dollar)
orphanage (a home for children with no parents)
core (the central part of an object)
meteorologist (a person who studies climate)
disposal (a place to put garbage)

B. Listen to the definitions, and fill in the blanks. Then choose the correct word (6-01).

This is a type of autobiography which describes only a part of your life. (Memoir)
These people live in the Arctic. They produce various forms of art, including many carvings. (Inuit)
This weather phenomenon brings warm water to the west coast of South America and causes strange weather all over the world. (El Nino)
This is the seventh most diverse species in the world and it uses silk to capture and kill prey. (Spiders)
This part of the Earth includes the crust, continents, ocean floor, tectonic plates and the upper part of the asthenosphere. (Lithosphere)

Vocabulary Wrap-up

Unit 1: Listening for Main Ideas

Step A (Words related to)

acidity
albino
anthropology
aria
bubonic
buckwheat
cliché
decimal
deficiency
anti-dumping
cavity
discrepancy
domestication
extinction
gingivitis
habitat
hereditary
morbid
pseudonym
saliva
scavenge
soldiering
speculate
stipulation
subspecies
surmise
traits
trinity

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
intonation	intonate	intonational	intonationally
distribution	distribute	distributive	distributively
cultivation	cultivate	cultivatable
rigorousness		rigorous	rigorously
deceiver	deceive	deceivable	deceivingly
poacher	poach	poachable
luxury		luxurious	luxuriously
indication	indicate	indicative	indicatively
deferment	defer	deferrable
assistance	assist	assistive
recommendation	recommend	recommendable
registration	register
absurdity		absurd	absurdly
consideration	consider	considerate	considerately
stipulation	stipulate	stipulatory

Unit 2: Listening for Main Purpose

Step A (Words related to)

amplitude
anatomy
bizarre
camouflage
centigrade
climatology
cumulative
custodian
diameter
disguise
equatorial
exterior
fixture
gaseous
hydrogen
ingredient
magnificent
porous
predictor
sothic
spectacular
sophisticated
undue
Uranus
urban
seismic
trigonometry
voyager

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
amplitude	amplify
fixture	fixate	fixated
extension	extend	extended	extendedly
transparency		transparent	transparently
withdrawal	withdraw
revelation	reveal	revealing	revealingly
insulation	insulate
initiation	initiate	initial	initially
response	respond	responsive	responsively
reiteration	reiterate	reiterative	reiteratively
catastrophe		catastrophic	catastrophically
challenge	challenge	challenging
derivative	derive	derivative	derivatively
entirety		entire	entirely
minimum	minimize	minimal	minimally

Unit 3: Listening for Major Details

Step A (Words related to)

amphitheater
considerate
drawback
aqueduct
candor
cellulose
consonant
convey
defects
exterminate
familiarize
frustrate
genetic
hysterectomy
impoverish
invade
keen
moisture
overdue
Presbyterian
rectangular
regurgitate
pheromone
reminisce
salvage
termite
thwart
uterus

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
octagon		octagonal	octagonally
endurance	endure	enduring	enduringly
exterminator	exterminate	exterminable
exception	except	exceptional	exceptionally
concept	conceive	conceivable	conceivably
distinction	distinguish	distinct	distinctly
improvisation	improvise	improvisational	improvisationaly
inscription	inscribe	inscriptional
interpreter	interpret	interpretative	interpretatively
invasion	invade	invasive	invasively
moisture	moisten	moist	moistly
resonation	resonate	resonant	resonantly
regurgitation	regurgitate	regurgitative
reproduction	reproduce	reproductive	reproductively

Unit 4: Understanding the Function of What Is Said

Step A (Words related to)

aesthetic
airline
alluded
anaconda
aptitude
arena
ascend
assimilate
attire
beech
blight
canopy
diameter
elaborate
façade
foyer
fungus
hybrid
indigenous
irrigation
itinerary
lenient
majestic
misconception
otter
satire
piety
sprout
progeny
reminiscent
startle
thwart

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
urgency	urge	urgent	urgently
orientation	orient	oriented
complication	complicate	complicated	complicatedly
purchase	purchase
network	network
benefit	benefit	beneficial	beneficially
gesture	gesture
extension	extend	extensive	extensively
sustenance	sustain	sustainable	sustainingly
resistance	resist	resisting/resistant
retention	retain	retentive	retentively
imitation	imitate	imitational
assimilation	assimilate	assimilative
variety	vary	various	variously
electricity	electrify	electrifying
consideration	consider	considerable	considerably
typicality	typify	typical	typically
vividness		vivid	vividly
chill	chill	chilling	chillingly

Unit 5: Understanding the Speaker's Attitude

Step A (Words related to)

aesthetic
ameba
artisan
bachelor
baffle
cancerous
augment
chemotherapy
choke
cohabitate
culminate
drape
enthusiasm
exotic
extraneous
fabric
fatal
foster
funnel
garlic
glial
glioma
herbaceous
impromptu
indecisive
intolerable
malignant
merge
mutualism
parasite
perennial
pluck
spiral

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
aggression		aggressive	aggressively
phenomenon		phenomenal	phenomenally
sustenance	sustain	sustainable	sustainingly
proliferation	proliferate	proliferative
culmination	culminate	culminating
intimacy		intimate	intimately
extraneousness		extraneous	extraneously
disregard	disregard
indefiniteness		indefinite	indefinitely
predator	predate	predatory
prevalent	prevail	prevalent	prevalently
radiation	radiate	radiate	radiately
replication	replicate	replicative
resemblance	resemble	resembling
rotation	rotate	rotational	rotationally

Unit 6: Understanding Organization

Step A (Words related to)

adornment
dormancy
feat
aggravation
durability
ancient
excavate
garment
imminent
impede
incinerator
metabolism
nitrate
peril
remnant
reptile
ridiculous
talbot
incinerate
vacation

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
arousal	arouse	aroused
fascination	fascinate	fascinating	fascinatingly
hibernator	hibernate	hibernating
irritation	irritate	irritated	irritatingly
relic
sculpture	sculpture	sculptural
waiver	waive
practicality	practice	practical	practically
urgency	urge	urgent	urgently
devotion	devote	devoted	devotedly
exposition	expose	exposed
disability	disable	disabled
frustration	frustrate	frustrated/-ting	frustratingly
jeopardy	jeopardize	jeopardized
focus	focus	focused
instant		instantaneous	instantaneously
modification	modify	modified
erosion	erode	erosive	erosively
inevitability		inevitable	inevitably
emission	emit	emissive	emissively
horror	horrify	horrifying	horrifyingly
decoration	decorate	decorated
furor	infuriate	furious	infuriatingly
impairment	impair	impaired

Unit 7: Connecting Content

Step A (Words related to)

acclimate
altitude
archaic
commonplace
communal
connotation
detrimental
dizzy
frigate
hesitant
infancy
molecule
nausea
prey
queasiness
replenish
robe
spiteful
august
corruption
gratification
monument
regurgitate
squid
tablet
tedious
unison
visage

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
strenuousness		strenuous	strenuously
ascension	ascend	ascendable
consolation	console	consolable	consolingly
crucial		crucial	crucially
desperateness		desperate	desperately
forfeit	forfeit	forfeit
persuasion	persuade	persuadable	persuadably
interior		interior	interiorly
utilization	utilize	utilizable
migration	migrate	migratory
distinction	distinguish	distinct	distinctly
brutal		brutal	brutally
tyranny	tyrannize	tyrannical	tyrannically
aspiration	aspire	aspirational
distraction	distract	distractive	distractedly

Unit 8: Making Inferences

Step A (Words related to)

abdomen
accentuate
appendage
athletic
churn
collide
derogatory
dolomite
foreshadow
hostility
indigenous
infirm
literally
majestic
marquis
miniature
miscellaneous
molten
obliterate
obsolete
primitive
rip
susceptible
tactic

Step B (Derivative Forms)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
ash
crust
genuine		genuine	genuinely
intimacy		intimate	intimately
meteorologist
nomad		nomadic
retrospect		retrospective	retrospectively
tectonic
authenticity	authenticate	authentic	authentically
rejection	reject	rejected
humor	humor	humorous	humorously
perception	perceive	perceived	perceptively
forecast	forecast	forecasted
frequency	frequent	frequent	frequently
significance	signify	significant	significantly
generation	generate	generational
glider	glide
stability	stabilize	stable	stably
obligation	obligate	obligated/-tory	obligatorily
modification	modify	modified
scheme	scheme	schematic	schematically
magnification	magnify	magnificent	magnificently
bargain	bargain	bargainable
consideration	consider	considerate	considerably
adjustment	adjust	adjustive	adjustively
support	support	supportive	supportively

Actual Test 01

Listening Section Directions

This section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in English.
The listening section is divided into $2$ separately timed parts.
In each part, you will listen to $1$ conversation and $2$ lectures.
You will hear each conversation or lecture only one time.
After each conversation and lecture, you will answer questions about it.
Questions typically ask about the main idea and supporting details.
Some questions ask about a speaker's purpose or attitude.
Answer questions based on what is stated or implied by the speakers.
You may take notes while you listen; notes will not be scored.
To change volume, click the Volume icon.
Some questions have this icon ( $()$ ), meaning you will hear, but not see, part of the question.
Special directions appear in a gray box.
Most questions are worth one point; if more, special directions indicate points.
You must answer each question. Click Next, then OK to confirm and proceed. You cannot return to previous questions.

Conversation 1-5 (Student and School Official - $6-03$ )

Student's Problem: He does not have a key to a room (Correct Answer: C).
School Official's Worry: He is afraid he could lose his job (Correct Answer: A).
Requirement for Lab Key: The professor's written permission (Correct Answer: D).
Inference about Student: He is very persistent (Correct Answer: D).
Official's Implied Meaning (Re-listen: "Newsflash! Borrow your girlfriend's key!"): The school official is stating the obvious (Correct Answer: B).

Lecture 6-11 (Art Class - $6-04$ )

Main Topic: Auditions (Correct Answer: D).
Why Sight Reading Discussed: To show how good sight reading is often a barometer of ability (Correct Answer: C).
Audition Similarity: A job interview (Correct Answer: B).
Common Practice in Auditions: Cold readings (Correct Answer: A).
Inference about Auditions: Strong improvisation skills are crucial during them (Correct Answer: D).
Important Factors in Later Stages of Audition:
| Factor | Yes | No |
| :------------------------------- | :-: | :-- |
| (A) The actor's work ethic | X | |
| (B) Chemistry with other potential cast members | X | |
| (C) How well the actor gets along with the producer | X | |
| (D) The actor's ability to compromise | X | |
| (E) Getting along with the casting director | X | |
| (F) Getting a good review from a community theater | | X |

Lecture 12-17 (Ecology Class - $6-05$ )

Main Discussion Topic: Different forms of water pollution (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Tone: He wants to motivate the students (Correct Answer: B).
Worldwide Pollution Situation: It is the leading cause of death (Correct Answer: C).
Why Pollution's Effect on Fish Discussed: To show how it affects every step of the food chain (Correct Answer: C).
Students' General Reaction: Their reaction is one of concern (Correct Answer: B).

Important Contributing Factors to Thermal Pollution:

Factor	True	False
(A) Sulfur dioxide emissions		X
(B) Manatee waste products		X
(C) Natural disasters like earthquakes and tornadoes		X
(D) Sewage and other organic wastes	X
(E) Methane gas emissions from power plants	X
(F) Agricultural run-off	X

Conversation 18-22 (Student and Professor - $6-06$ )

Main Discussion Topic: Writing techniques (Correct Answer: C).
Student's Anxiety: She fears she has done something wrong (Correct Answer: A).
What Will Help Student Most: The use of internal monologue (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Meaning (Re-listen: "Well, Mary, I think the correct decision is sitting there right under your nose. It's you!"): The solution is obvious (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Explanation of Common Flaw: They lack creativity and freshness (Correct Answer: D).

Lecture 23-28 (Archeology Class - $6-07$ )

Main Topic: Radio carbon dating (Correct Answer: C).
Half-Life Definition: The time it takes for half the carbon to disappear from the sample (Correct Answer: B).
Result of Libby's Discovery: It allowed scientists to be more accurate in determining the age of objects (Correct Answer: D).
Professor's Attitude: He is worried the lecture might be too difficult for his students (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Organization: He begins the lecture with specific images and questions (Correct Answer: B).
Why Carbon is Helpful: It is a universal element of the life cycle (Correct Answer: A).

Lecture 29-34 (Dramatics Class - $6-08$ )

Main Lecture Coverage: A broad history of American theater (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Meaning ("take a hike"): She likes hiking (Correct Answer: B).
Initial Student Attitude: Some students display skepticism (Correct Answer: D).
Rudimentary Theaters Definition: Early theaters were very basic (Correct Answer: B).
Minstrel Show Definition: A play concerning racial stereotypes (Correct Answer: C).
Inference about Burlesque Shows: They were shunned by society (Correct Answer: B).

Actual Test 02

Conversation 1-5 (Student and Financial Counselor - $6-09$ )

Student's Problem: He does not have enough money (Correct Answer: C).
Why Student Visits Counselor: He wants to solve his money problem (Correct Answer: D).
Way to Save Money: He can make food at home instead of eating out (Correct Answer: D).
Inference about Student: He is lazy (Correct Answer: B).
What Student Will Probably Do Next: Try to save money (Correct Answer: B).

Lecture 6-11 (Zoology Class - $6-10$ )

Main Lecture Topic: Badger physiology (Correct Answer: D).
Why Melanin Pigmentation Explained: To show what determines their coloring (Correct Answer: D).
Purpose of Badger Markings: They warn potential predators of danger (Correct Answer: A).
Professor's Attitude to Student Description: He thinks she is mostly correct (Correct Answer: B).
Professor's Organization: He starts off discussing general facts and gets to specific details about coloring (Correct Answer: C).
Facts About Badger:
| Fact | Yes | No |
| :---------------------------- | :-: | :-- |
| (A) They are nocturnal. | X | |
| (B) Males are called bulls. | | X |
| (C) They are carnivorous. | X | |
| (D) Females are called sows. | X | |
| (E) They live in underground dwellings called homes. | X | |
| (F) They reproduce through delayed implantation. | X | |

Lecture 12-17 (Psychology Class - $6-11$ )

Main Lecture Topic: The basis of attachment theory (Correct Answer: B).
Why Bowlby and Harlow's Work Explained: To explain their importance in establishing attachment theory (Correct Answer: A).
True About Rhesus Monkeys: They are similar to humans in infantile stages (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Opinion of Harlow Experiments: They were important because they were tests that could not be done on humans (Correct Answer: D).
Inference About Rhesus Monkeys: They will act abnormally if raised apart from their mothers (Correct Answer: B).
Features of Affectional Bond:
| Feature | Yes | No |
| :---------------------------- | :-: | :-- |
| (A) It is persistent rather than transitory. | X | |
| (B) It involves three particular people. | | X |
| (C) It involves a relationship that is emotionally insignificant. | | X |
| (D) The individual who formed the bond wants to remain physically close to the person with whom he has bonded. | X | |
| (E) The individual will become happy if he is separated from the person with whom the bond was formed. | | X |
| (F) The person who formed the bond will always seek discomfort and emotional insecurity. | | X |

Conversation 18-22 (Student and Professor - $6-12$ )

Student's Problem: Her group failed to make any progress (Correct Answer: A).
Why Student Visits Professor: She wants his advice (Correct Answer: D).
Benefits for Mary to Become Group Leader: Three (Correct Answer: C).
Professor's Meaning (Re-listen: "Well, Mary, I think the correct decision is sitting there right under your nose. It's you!"): The solution is obvious (Correct Answer: C).
What Student Will Probably Do Next: She will probably become the leader of her group (Correct Answer: B).

Lecture 23-28 (History Class - $6-13$ )

Main Lecture Topic: The ancient Sumerian timber crisis (Correct Answer: D).
Why Epic of Gilgamesh Explained: To say that it contains historical information about the timber crisis (Correct Answer: D).
Result of Copper Melting Process: An increased need for wood (Correct Answer: B).
Inference About Male Student: He is familiar with the work of Theodore Wertime (Correct Answer: B).
Inference About Sumerian Timber Crisis: It was the result of unsustainable logging practices (Correct Answer: C).
Uses for Wood During Bronze Age:
| Use | Yes | No |
| :----------------------------- | :-: | :-- |
| (A) Mining | X | |
| (B) Smelting | X | |
| (C) Metalworking | X | |
| (D) Shipbuilding | X | |
| (E) Horse feed | | X |
| (F) Armor building | | X |

Lecture 29-34 (Biology Class - $6-13$ )

Main Aspect of Eye Discussed: The lens (Correct Answer: A).
Why Accommodation Process Explained: To say it is important to understand the way the lens ages (Correct Answer: A).
Index Gradient Effect on Optical Power: It enhances it (Correct Answer: D).
Layers of Crystalline Lens:
| Layer | Yes | No |
| :-------------------- | :-: | :-- |
| (A) Capsule | X | |
| (B) Zonule | | X |
| (C) Subcapsular epithelium | X | |
| (D) Cortex | X | |
| (E) Nucleus | X | |
| (F) Presbyopia | | X |
Professor's Organization: By discussing general information about the crystalline lens and then moving towards specific information about accommodation (Correct Answer: D).
Why Accommodation Important to Understand: Most of their future work in the field of optics will involve it (Correct Answer: A).