Social studies for Christianity

Government = no longer centralized--people become loyal to family clans. Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces--offer protection for loyalty. No centralizing law system to provide unity.

Trade = becomes disrupted by invasions and warring clans. Less production and consumption, less resources and money. People move out of cities to rural life

Education = declines and becomes less important. Surviving is more important--return back to agriculture. Only preserved through the Church

Living Conditions = survival over flourish

Infrastructure: basic physical and organizational structures in society that help it run effectively (city buildings & roads)

Chart:

Famine, plague, persecution

Architectural marvels burned to the ground
Death & cannibalism
Western half shattered into pieces controlled by a military strong man
No longer had an emperor
Urban population declined
Technology of life and scale of life got smaller
Sewage systems stopped working
Aqueducts break down- wells instead of running water
Ppl start living in shacks
Marvels of Rome quarried for quick building materials
People settled next to the Roman roads, could not sustain structures that had been there at one time
Overtime the colosseum succumbed to the decay of civilization- became a landfill, shelter for the destitute and haven for packs of animals.
Warfare, civil war and vendettas were common; political problems became military problems

Church:

Center of commerce and political authority
Benedictine monk (Bede) works is the essential link to the pre-christian past
Preservation of the learning of the past, copied the literature from the past
No one outside of the clergy were literate

Two types of leadership in this time - war or spiritual

Historically the Emperor’s confirmed the Pope’s in Rome (really a rubber stamp) - this power became part of the Byzantine Emperor’s role, but overtime and based on religious disagreements this was no longer accepted.

The Great Schism was both a spiritual and practical conflict. For instance, one of the spiritual differences between the western (Roman) and eastern branches of the church was whether it was acceptable to use unleavened bread for the ceremony of communion. (The west supported the practice, while the east did not.)

A more practical conflict that led to the Great Schism was whether the pope, the spiritual leader in Rome, had authority over the patriarchs, religious leaders in the east.
The division happens due to the debate over the use of religious images and religious and political authority. Emperor in the east banned the use of icons- believed it led to false worship- idol worship, iconoclasts broke into churches and destroyed the images. In the west, the pope supported the use of icons and banned the Byzantine emperor (Leo II) from the church-- excommunicated him

The leaders of the Roman Church in Italy (WEST) became upset with the Byzantines. Since most people in Western Europe at the time could not read, icons were valuable assets (resources) in teaching Christianity. The Pope and other church leaders in Rome immediately banished (kicked out) the Byzantine emperor from the Christian church.
In 1053, the first step was taken in the process that led to formal schism; the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople, in response to the Greek churches in southern Italy having been forced to either close or conform to Latin practices. (Basis on issues such as iconoclasm)
In 1054: The papal legate sent by Leo IX traveled to Constantinople for purposes of insisting that he recognize the Pope’s claim to be the head of all the churches.; This was refused
- On the refusal of Cerularius (Patriarch of Con) to accept the demand, the leader of the legation excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated them back.
- Language - officially Greek but allowed practice of local languages
  In the eighth century (700-799) CE, many Christians in the former Roman Empire used icons, or religious images, to assist in their worship services. In the Byzantine Empire (the eastern half of the former Roman Empire located in Constantinople), disagreements developed as the whether or not icons broke the second commandment which prohibited (against the law; to be against) the making of graven images. Although most Byzantines were Christians, they did not practice Christianity the same way as the people of Western Europe did. Byzantine Christians rejected the power of the Pope, the leader of the church in Rome. The Byzantine emperor had to approve the choice of patriarch, or the highest church official in Constantinople. Greek was the language of the Byzantine church, while Latin was the language of the Roman church. Also Byzantine priests could marry, while Roman Catholic priests could not. The two branches of Christianity began to grow apart. As a result, this divergence in practices and beliefs eventually culminated in the Great Schism of 1054, which formally divided Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- Prior structure and states - poor leaders did and do not necessarily mean a nation will fail - the government structure and loyalties to those structures ensured survival. There is no government here, there is no nation they pledge allegiance or loyalty to.
  
  All loyalties are based off of personal allegiances. What a leader can provide for you -- in terms of resources and wealth. If you fail to provide these things - loyalties will shift
- Clovis is an important figure in the Middle Ages for two reasons:
  - He united the Frankish tribes under one king, creating a Frankish Empire in old Roman Gaul, this would eventually lead to the nation we call France, named after the Franks.
  - Clovis was the first barbarian king to convert to the Roman Catholicism
    - Way into the hearts of his new subjects was their souls - Christianity was very attractive because it offered hope to people
    - As his power spread in the old roman provinces of Gaul, it made a great deal of sense to have him convert, gave him a new set of allies
    - By becoming a Roman Catholic, Clovis became an ally of the Pope and a protector of the Roman Catholics.
      - Stabilizing force at a time that was chaotic
      - Mention: The Pope was not selected by any king, and you could argue that he was more powerful than the kings of the Early Middle Ages.
    - Clovis used Christianity to justify his conquests -- (video - struggles to follow idea of not killing - why? -- remember you have to please your men - wealth (land) came by conquest - without conquest there is no allegiance)
      - Trial by ordeal: God’s justice comes down to earth; used by Clovis against his enemies; God will be on the side of good

Christian monks (servants of God) devoted their lives to prayer and good works

Monasteries- religious communities provided an education; Monks opened schools, maintained libraries and copied book

Papacy- Office of the pope. Papacy became increasingly secular in absence of other strong leadership. Pope Gregory expanded papal power

Secular- church became a worldly power involved in politics ( Gregory I 590- pope’s palace center to government in Rome, Used church revenue to raise armies, repair roads, and help poor - signed peace treaties with Lombard invaders)

Pope as the head of monasteries/churches around Europe -- i.e. a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, would be a central theme of the Middle Ages.

Carolingian Dynasty- name arises from the family bc a large number of ppl had the name charles -- ie: Charlemagne
1. Charles Martel: Mayor of the Palace Held more power than King
  1. The Battle of Tours, 732 → Defeats Muslim forces in Franc & Gain military prestige
2. His son Pepin the Short - crystallizes this potential alliance with the potential alliance among papacy, missionaries, and mayors of the palace.
  1. He favored the Church. He could mobilize his new power and legitimacy through this alliance with the Church. He encouraged various kinds of monastic reforms urged by Saint Boniface, which meant better discipline over priests, more councils of bishops, the restoration of lands to the Church, and a role for the king as the guardian and protector of the Church.
  2. Pepin wrote to the pope asking, "Is it right for the man who holds the power not to wear the crown, while the person who wears the crown does not hold the power?" He asks this as if it were a hypothetical question. "Oh, you know, we were just discussing this last night and wondered what you think." But of course, the pope is quite aware of what's at stake and says it is wrong for the person who holds the power not to hold the crown;
  3. 751, Pepin had himself elected king of the Franks, deposed and put in a monastery the last Merovingian king, and by his being put in the monastery
  4. Pope CROWNS Pepin
  5. In return Pepin leads expedition against the Lombard threat facing the Pope in Italy (doesn’t defeat completely but relieves pressures on the Pope)
1. Charles the Hammer- Catholic Hero, saved Europe from the Muslims at the Battle of Tours, 732
2. Charles Martel passed his power to his son; began the rule of the Carolingian Dynasty; protected the Pope from other germanic tribes
Christian monks (servants of God) devoted their lives to prayer and good works

Monasteries- religious communities provided an education; Monks opened schools, maintained libraries and copied book
Papacy- Office of the pope. Papacy became increasingly secular in absence of other strong leadership. Pope Gregory expanded papal power
Secular- church became a worldly power involved in politics ( Gregory I 590- pope’s palace center to government in Rome, Used church revenue to raise armies, repair roads, and help poor - signed peace treaties with Lombard invaders)
1. Pope as the head of monasteries/churches around Europe -- i.e. a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, would be a central theme of the Middle Ages.Carolingian Dynasty- name arises from the family bc a large number of ppl had the name charles -- ie: Charlemagne
  1. Charles Martel: Mayor of the Palace Held more power than King
    1. The Battle of Tours, 732 → Defeats Muslim forces in Franc & Gain military prestige
  2. His son Pepin the Short - crystallizes this potential alliance with the potential alliance among papacy, missionaries, and mayors of the palace.
    1. He favored the Church. He could mobilize his new power and legitimacy through this alliance with the Church. He encouraged various kinds of monastic reforms urged by Saint Boniface, which meant better discipline over priests, more councils of bishops, the restoration of lands to the Church, and a role for the king as the guardian and protector of the Church.
    2. Pepin wrote to the pope asking, "Is it right for the man who holds the power not to wear the crown, while the person who wears the crown does not hold the power?" He asks this as if it were a hypothetical question. "Oh, you know, we were just discussing this last night and wondered what you think." But of course, the pope is quite aware of what's at stake and says it is wrong for the person who holds the power not to hold the crown;
    3. 751, Pepin had himself elected king of the Franks, deposed and put in a monastery the last Merovingian king, and by his being put in the monastery
    4. Pope CROWNS Pepin
    5. In return Pepin leads expedition against the Lombard threat facing the Pope in Italy (doesn’t defeat completely but relieves pressures on the Pope)
  1. Charles the Hammer- Catholic Hero, saved Europe from the Muslims at the Battle of Tours, 732
  2. Charles Martel passed his power to his son; began the rule of the Carolingian Dynasty; protected the Pope from other germanic tribes
  Moors? Muslims who want to expand their empire in the name of Muhammad, Moors crossed in France with calvary, won battles against the Frankish kingdom
  
  Discuss important leaders and dynasties and significance of this battle:
  - “The Hammer” commander in chief of the Frankish army, took proactive steps to defeat the Moors, he went to the church to get money, took land and property from church to develop and finance the army
  - 6 days the armies stood firm waiting for the other army to make the first move. On the 7th day he (the Moors) ordered an attack. Martel nailed his victory with a covert mission behind enemy lines, he sent troops to Muslim camp and looted from what the Muslims had from their campaign.
  Roughly 40-50,000 on Moors side -- 30,000 on Frankish
  - Martle used church funding to train his soldiers (most soldiers at this time were not trained - were farmers) trained them to withstand the cavalry charges of the Moors
  - Moors extended themselves too far from supplies
  Merovingian Dynasty- first Frankish kingdom; first major political authority to rise out of the ashes of the dying Roman empire
2. Carolingian Dynasty- name arises from the family bc a large number of ppl had the name charles -- ie: Charlemagne
3. Charles the Hammer- Catholic Hero, saved Europe from the Muslims at the Battle of Tours, 732
4. Charles Martel passed his power to his son; began the rule of the Carolingian Dynasty; protected the Pope from other germanic tribes
Pepin the short
King of the Franks from 751 until death.
The first of the Carolingian Kings.
Ruled jointly with his brother and they suppressed many Rebellions
He eventually suppressed an uprising led by his brother .
Was inclined to side with the Church and helped to support their work in his Kingdom.
Intervened in Italy with his army to defend the pope against the Lombards.
This gained him the total support of the church.