What is a joint?
The function of a joint:
Joints are classified based on the?
joints are classified based on their anatomy with the following:
Types of joints based on their movability:
Examples of each type ( joints based on movability):
The structural classification of joints :
· Fibrous
· Cartilaginous
· Synovial
fibrous joints are divided into:
Cartilaginous joints are divided into :
types of Synovial joints:
Talk about Synarthroses Joints : [ syn: together, athron: joint]
Talk about Amphiarthros Joints : [ Amphi: on both sides, athron: joint]
they are slightly moveable
Cartilaginous joint
function: attenuate force /, permit motion more the SYnarthroses joint
found as: the hyaline cartilage known as the pubic symphysis. Sternocostal joints; hyaline cartilage.
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Talk about Diarthroses or synovial joints :
great example is the knee ( which has: Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, Joint capsule that includes the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule, and the articular cartilage )
what is articular cartilage, Articular capsule, SYnovial fluid
Articular cartilage : is a protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces
Articular capsule: double layer membrane , surround the joint
Synovial Fluid: clear slightly yellow liquid; provide lubrication inside the articular capsule
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Types of Synovial Joints
Type | Informationdescriptionon of the movement and other ) | Found where? |
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Gliding | the surfaces are flat , the only movement permit is a Nonaxial movement , Movement allowed : Rotation , glide | Intercarpal and intermetatrasal Acromioclavcular and sternoclavicular |
Hinge | one surface is covex and the other is concave . Rotation happens in One axes | ellbow , interphalangeal , knee , ankle |
Pivot ( Screw , trochoid ) | Rotation is permited around one axis | proximal and distal radioulnar Atlas ( in the spine 1 disc) |
Condyloid ( Ellipsoidal) | one surface is ovular convex and the other is reciprocally convcave movements allowed : FLexion , extension , abduction , adduction , circumductions | 2-5th metacarpophalangeal and radiocarpal |
Saddle | both surfaces are shaped like the riding seats ( saddle ) | carpometacarpal |
Ball and Socket | reciprocally convex and concave , rotation during movement is allowed | Hip and SHoulder |
Synovial joints are also categorized based on the number of axes allowed during rotation into : uniaxial , biaxial , triaxial , nonaxial
joints with limited motion around the axis is called nonaxial .
Joint motion is sometimes discribed with degrees of freedom which is related to the number of axises utlized in motion . for example : a uniaxial joint has 1 Degree of freedom.
Articular Cartilage
→ it is a dense white connective tissue , thick , coats the ends of bones that are articulating at synovial joints .
→ it is also a soft porous , permeable tissue that is hydrated
function of Articular cartilage :
disadvantage of cartilage : it has little to no abiltiy to heal or regenerate on its own , so once damged the injuries progresses . the protective coating of the articular bone wore away : which results into fegenerative arthritis
FIbrocartilage :
→ soft tissue discs or menisici , found between the articulating bones
→ example : menisici of the knee , in the spine
Funtions of fibrocartlilage
what are the Articular connective tissues :
Tendons ( muscle to bone ) and ligaments ( bones to other bones )
both of them are passive tissues
composed mainly of collagen and elastic fibre
they don’t have the ability to contract ( like muscle tissues )
they are slightly extensible
they are elastic ( they will return to the original length ) unless they are stretched beyond the length/ability
if they are stretched beyond the limit; they will remain stretched unless restored by surgery
response to changed mechanical stress: hypertriphying/ atrophying
effect of exercise: increased size and strenght of both tendons and ligaments , increased strength of th junctions between them and the bone
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Joint Stability :
it is the ability of an articulation to resist dislocation / displacement while preventing injury to other surrounding parts
factors influcing stability : shape of the articulating bone surfaces , arrangment of ligaments and muscles ( as ligaments muscles and tendons affect the stability ) .
when the area of contact is maximum : known as the close packed postion , where the joint stbaility is maximum , and it is the best fit for a joint moving through ROM .
Loose packed postion : low area of contact, maximum mobility , and minmum stability.
the acetabulum : deep socket for the head of femur > constant large contact area > considers one of the reasons the hip is a stable joint
Should : relatively small socket > relative small contact area > one of the reasons the shoulder complex is relatively instable
some people have joint that are more or less stable than others due to slight anatomical variations in shapes and sizes of the articulating bones .
knee and should : the tension in the ligaments and muscle has a larger effect( by helping to hold the bone ends together ) as the anatomical structure doesnt offer enough stability .
if the ligaments / tendons / muslces tissues are weak due to : disuse , lax from being strechted . the stability then is reduced
the stronger the ligaments and muscles > the more stable the joint ( to enhance the stability of the knee > strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring groups )
Joint flexiblity
Range of Motion :
Main funtions of the joint : SUpport weight , provide range of motion
Joints are constantly subjected to both : acute and overuse injures ,plus infection and degenerative condition
Commen injuries : Sprains, dislocation , Bursitis ,Arthritis
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Sprains :
Dislocations :
Bursitis :
Arthritis :
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