SciOly Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System

i. Bones of thee Axial and Appendicular skeleton; label the basic surface anatomy of a bone as shown on a diagram and/or normal X-ray, CT, and MRI

Bone classification

Long bones: Long wide bones composed of a shaft (diaphysis) and 2 ends (Epiphyses)

  • All limb bones except for writ, patella, and ankle bones are long bones

  • Outer layer of compact bone with an inner layer of spongey bone.

  • Lined with articular cartilage

Short Bones: Roughly cube shaped.

  • Ex: carpals and tarsals

Sesamoid bones: Special kind of short bone that are inside of tendons

  • ex: patella

Flat bones: Thin, flat, slightly curved bones

  • Ex: ribs and crranial bones

  • Protect internal organs

Appendicular v. Axial SkeletonVertebral Column C- Cerebral Vertebrae T- Thoracic vertebrae L- Lumbar vertebraeThoracic cagePelvic gridleUpper limb anatomyHand anatomyLower limb anatomyTarsal Bones

ii. Name, sturcture, and function of all joint types and muscle, tendon and ligament attachments surrounding the joints and the ranges of motion allowed by each type.

iii. Structure and microscopic function of bones, bone marrow, and cartilage (e.g, storage, osteon, blood cell production)

iv. Skeletal system role in calcium and phosphate balance

v. Effect of hormones (PTH, Vitamin D estrogen) on the skeletal system

vi. Cellular composition of bones (e.g, RANKL role in bone cell maturation), bone marrow, and cartilage

vii. Development and maturation of bones at the cellular and gross anatomical levels

viii. Types of vertebrae

Vertebral Column C- Cerebral Vertebrae T- Thoracic vertebrae L- Lumbar vertebrae

ix. Characteristics and radiological features of bone diseases/ disorders from the cellular level to the whole person as listed: Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (how to distinguish from eachother), gout, osteoporosis, osteomalacia/rickets, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, Tennis elbow, Golfer’s elbow, Cruciate ligament tears of the knee, meniscus tears of the knee, and septic arthritis.

x.The effects of exercise and aging on the skeletal system and the diseases mentioned

xi. Fractures including the Salter-Harris fracture classification system, causes, and treatments

xii. Additional diseases and disorders: Spinal fractures (including specific classes), ankylosing spondylitis, achondroplasia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma

xiii. Understanding the effects of biphosphonates and denosumab on the skeletal system

xiv. Additional diseases/ disorders: Clinical effects of spinal stenosis, foraminal stenosis, and disc herniation on the nervous system, Osgood-Schlatter disease, plantar faciitis, Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans), osteoblastoma, giant cell tumor

xv. Treatments and/or prevention for all conditions listed above

xvi. Label the bones & Sutures of the skull. know the foramina of the skull and what neurovascular structures pass through each.