Notes on Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
- Triacylglycerols: Fatty acids attached to glycerol.
- Glycerol converts to glycerol 3-phosphate, yielding dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
- Fatty acids degraded into 2- and 3-carbon intermediates for the citric acid cycle.
Dietary Triacylglycerols Processing
- Absorption of monoacylglycerol and fatty acids into lipoproteins.
- Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerol to release fatty acids.
Fatty Acid Activation
- Fatty acids activate to Acyl-CoA by Acyl-CoA synthetase (ATP required).
- Acyl-CoA transported into mitochondria via carnitine.
β-Oxidation Process
- Four reactions per cycle yield acetyl-CoA, ubiquinol (QH2), and NADH.
- Odd-chain fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, converting to acetyl-CoA.
- Each two-carbon unit generates approximately 14 ATP from β-oxidation.
- Unsaturated fatty acids require additional processing (e.g., Enoyl-CoA isomerase).
- Acetyl-CoA forms ketone bodies (e.g., acetoacetate) when glucose is low.
- Ketone bodies converted back to acetyl-CoA for TCA cycle use.
Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Begins with acetyl-CoA carboxylase (requires biotin).
- Subsequent rounds involve cyclical four-reaction steps.
- Malonyl-CoA binds for growth of fatty acid chain.
- Nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase converts N2 to NH4+ (biochemical utility).
- Proteins broken down into amino acids for biological synthesis.
- Excess ammonia is detoxified and excreted as urea.
Transamination
- Amino groups transferred between molecules via transaminases.
- Involves glutamate dehydrogenase for free ammonia regulation.
Urea Cycle
- Ammonia forms carbamoyl phosphate, enters urea cycle to produce urea for excretion.
Amino Acid Classification
- Glucogenic amino acids yield gluconeogenic intermediates; ketogenic amino acids yield acetyl-CoA.
- Enzyme deficiencies, e.g., phenylketonuria, limit amino acid breakdown.
Amino Acid Synthesis
- Nonessential amino acids derived from glycolysis/citric acid cycle.
- Essential amino acids obtained through diet; synthesized by plants/bacteria.
- Amino acids can be metabolically interconverted into neurotransmitters/hormones.