- Captain James Cook consolidated the role of science in advancing the expansion of the British empire.
- Joseph Banks was aboard the Endeavour
- Added the Hawaiian Islands to Europe's map
- Major role in the settlement of Australia
- Cook and Banks were aided by Tupaia, a Tahitian high priest
- Knew several Polynesian languages
- Came from a family of navigators, supplemented Cook with his local knowledge of winds and currents
- Helped Banks understand Polynesian cultural practices
- Miscommunications
- Small items went missing
- Important astronomical equipment went missing
- Theft among the British
- Sailors stole nails from the ship to trade with the islanders
- Cook made an example of a sailor who stole nails to trade for an iron axe
- Invited Tahitian chiefs to witness
- Tahitian views of property and punishment were different, less focuses on exclusive ownership, never use corporal punishment for theft
- Cook had a utilitarian attitude: make observations, get supplies, move on
- Tension caused by Cook's attempts to stop sailors from trading iron nails for sex
- Protect Hawaiians from diseases from his ship
- Hawaiians treated Cook with great respect
- Cook departed on good terms; returned after a storm damaged the ship's mast
- Tension when they stepped ashore
- Arguments escalated to violence
- Islander stabbed Cook to death
- Nothing could help navigate cross-cultural communications
- Polynesians suffered and died in great numbers
- No immunities for Afro-European diseases
- Tupaia died from dysentery within two years after his first encounter with Europeans
- Changing economies, new technologies, and imported Christianity undermined the existing order of island societies
- Joseph banks & Australia
- Botany Bay, where Banks undertook a recon of eastern Australia's plant life
- Major role in the foundation of the New South Wales colony in 1788
- New South Wales Colony
- Bagan as a penal colony
- Prisoners, mostly Irish & male, had little to lose from resettling halfway around the world
- Convicts knew little on how to survive in foreign terrain and could not get help from the aboriginal population
- Aboriginals kept their distance but then launched a series of attacks
- Economy was strengthened when the merino sheep was introduced in 1805
- Descendants of the same sheep that Joseph Banks imported from Spain to Kew Gardens
- Grassland in New South Wales was ideal for grazing
- Wool exports financed the developments of a colonial society
- Settlers became immigrants rather than convicts
- 1817: name Australia was given to the collection of Colonies
- British settlement had a devastating impact on the original inhabitants of the continent
- Aboriginal Australians had rich and complex religions and artistic traditions
- No metal tools, no hierarchical political organization, no immunity to Afro-Eurasian diseases
- More than half died in the 19th century
- Survivors fled
- Joseph Banks had little interest of those displaced by "progress"
