Market Revolution: ties to new tech (cotton gin) and creation of commercial economy and growth cities.

Steamboat: made the world smaller, connected cities, boats can go against water current

Textile Factories: the first factories in America. they profitted off of cotton farming which gave southern states a lot more powerful, along with the 3/5ths compromise. depended upon slavery and cotton gin

Manifest Destiny: the term came from someone trying to annex texas to the usa. It did not drive westward expansion, it’s a product of it. it’s belief that it’s the divine mission of the usa to expand across the entire continent in order to spread human progress, and redeem the old world by building a utopia.

2nd National Bank:

Fredrick Douglas: he wrote the narritive of a slave life. very important perspective. most famous abolitionist

William Lloyd Garrison: white abolitionst, blamed for nat turners revold

Nat Turner: launched fredrick douglas’ carreer, nat turners revolt killed like 60 whites, it led to southerners getting very aggressive in controlling and shutting down revolts

Mormons:

• joseph smith was a founder of mormon denominations in illinois. mormans believed in polygamy but were persecuted. smith stated a scam business saying that he could find gold, but got killed. because mormons were getting persecuted so they moved west toward illinois.

• brigham young helped utah become a territory in 1850. the civil war ensured the survival of mormonism in utah. from iowa to salt lake

• they got the ability to survive by going west to escape hostility

Texas Independence:

Camp Meetings: more democratic congregations

Coverturn: women had no legal rights and equal treatment under law. especially when married

Slave Families/Age of Slavery: they were forced apart as the cotton gin made slavery expload

Erie Canal: a canal that connected new york to lake eerie through the hudson river

Cotton Gin: it was created by eli whitney and it made cotton very lucritive. this invention took seeds out of cotton, which used to be a long process. depended on slave labor

Growth of Cities: they got bigger. some over 100k population

Missouri Compromise: the usa brought missori in as a slave state and maine as a free state. everything above the 36/30 lattitude line must be “forever free.” tensions rose as abolitionists expressed their moral objections to slavery, and southern democrats felt they need to defend their peculiar institution. revealed that colonies were getting more sectionalist/divided over slavery in american politics.

Andrew Jackson’s Popularity: he created the trail of tears to make southerners happy, indian removal act of 1830 which called for natives living in the southeat to resettle west of mississiippi. he was popular because he grew up poor and appealed to common man, and he was a military hero. he broke up 2nd national bank bc he thought it was too corrupt and powerful. represents rise of democrat party.

• whigs apposed him

Nullification Crisis: sc threatened to leave over tariffs (bad for south)

Ralph Wado Emerson: a transendentialist that refusing to acknowledge any authority beyond themselves that each individual must make their own decisions about God, the human race and the world, God was revealed through nature. he saw a direct connection between man, nature and God. God infused all things and we are born good

Seneca Falls Convention: demanding social, civil, and religious equal rights. end of coverture

2nd Great Awakening: slaves joined babtist and methodist churches. connected to camp meetings

2nd Seminole War: free blacks and run aways joined

Comanche:

1850 Fugitive Slave Act: slaves be returned to their owners even if they escaped to a free state. the federal govt (the north) is responsible for finding them. it placed every free black in danger too, because they had to look into anyone even being accused of being a runaway. it’s a result after nat turners rebellion and other rebellions

Utopian Communities: it was the idea of starting fresh and creating the perfect society

Impact of Westward Expansion:

• sectionalism - it means putting your state above your country, and it led to the missouri compromise

• mexican american war

• trail of tears

• in 1820’s more people became involved in politics, and it became mass entertainment

• westward = liberty for some. examples include:

  • more denominations like mormons and protestants

  • outlawing slavery in new territories

  • political debates of slavery

  • rugged individualism: personal and social reinvention, turners fronteir thesis (you have to be rugged on the fronteir)

• texas revolution (1836) and friction between settlers and mexio

Reasons for Westward Expansion:

• economic growth (most important)

  • new england textime factories

  • the cotton gin which made southern farmers move west for more land

  • advances in transportation

• territorial expansion

• population growth

Timeline:

• lousiana purchase (1803) - bought from rance

• mo compromise (1820)

• monroe doctrine (1823) - assertie foreign policy stance that told europe to stop attempting to colonize america

• texas revolution (1836)

• texas annexed (1845) - 28th state in the union

• oregon territory (1846) - britian gave up claim

• mexican cession (1848) - treaty of guadalupe hidalgo that ended us/mex war

• 1850 fugitive slave law convention. after, abolitionists and womens rights advocates were willing to get violent

Trinity of Economic Nationalism:

• National Bank: it managed the money supply, provided business and government loans, created a national currency, regulated credit, and regulated the financial system which smoothened interstate trade and led to economic growth. it was very controversial because it benefited the national government. hamilton established it but andrew jackson took it down. it got money for internal improvements.

• Protective Rariffs: it encouraged domestic production by placing a high tax (tariff) on imports from other countries. this protected new, american founded business from foreign competitors.

• Internal Improvements: the government funds things for the betterment of america. it encouraged westward expansion and it led to transportation advances that made the world smaller. overall, this made the economy expload. some examples of this are

  • steamboats

  • canal systems like the eerie canal (1825). tied hudson river to great canal

  • roads: turnpikes (toll roads) and shunpikes (non-toll roads)

  • the telegraph which connected markets and regions

  • railroads (1830’s): it took off because citizens weren’t confined to waterways

Mormons:

• joseph smith was a founder of mormon denominations in illinois. mormans believed in polygamy but were persecuted. smith stated a scam business saying that he could find gold, but got killed. because mormons were getting persecuted so they moved west toward illinois.

• brigham young helped utah become a territory in 1850. the civil war ensured the survival of mormonism in utah. from iowa to salt lake

Reform Movements: economic presperity allows people to take time to spend reforming. social justice used to be called social gospel

• transendentialism: tries to rise above the fog of society to find wisdom and build a relationship with god. man is good but society corrupts. rising above. prioritized spiritual over material. divinity infused all things. we can only understand reality through nature.

  • Thoreau is the most famous and said “lives of quiet desperation” meaning when a government requires one to violate their morality. the usa is making most americans violate their morals through slavery

• romanticism (1800-1840): literary movement

  • cultural movement in reaction to the industrial revolution and age of reason (enlightenment)

  • rejected scientific rationalization of nature: importance of awe and emotion as an authentic sourse of aesthetic experience

• education:

  • by 1840, 78% of population could read and write

  • public schools emerged in the 1830’s. pushed by horace mann. the conditions were not ideal

  • 1827 massachusett’s law: 500+ population = school academies

  • colleges - state universities grow after 1830. state and relgion fought over funding. there was also curriculum technical training at military. women could not go to college

• unitarianism: all are equal in the eyes of god

• univeralism: universal salvation. everyone can be saved

• 2nd great awakening: religious revival, people going out and trying to get rights, camp meetings, babtists appealed to common folk of fronteir, infallibility of the bible, more democratic congregations, tried to equality. it includes unitarianism and universalism.

  • millenial movements: the belief that jesus has not come again because society is unjust. they wanted to create a utopia

• institution building: prisons, asylum, new schools, push for govt funded projects

• women’s rights movements: demanding social, civil, and religious rights. closely intertwined with abolitionist movement

• abolitionist movement: anti slavery