English Vocab

Theme-Specific Vocabulary

Class

Social Stratification – the division of society into different classes.

Hierarchy – the arrangement of individuals or groups in a ranked order.

Privilege – special rights, advantages, or immunities enjoyed by a determined group.

Elite – the best or most influential group in society.

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat – terms that distinguish the upper/middle class from the working class.

Class Distinctions – differences in status, wealth, and power between groups.

Deception/Truth

Duplicity – deceitfulness and double-dealing.

Subterfuge – a cunning plan or device used to deceive.

Mendacity – untruthfulness or a habitual lying nature.

Facade – an outward appearance maintained to conceal a less pleasant reality.

Authenticity/Veracity – the quality of being genuine or truthful.

Illusion – a false idea or belief that distracts from the truth.

Courage

Bravery – the ability to face danger fearlessly.

Fortitude – mental and emotional strength in adversity.

Resilience – the capacity to withstand or recover quickly from difficulties.

Grit – firmness of character; perseverance.

Intrepidity – fearless boldness in facing risks.

Valor – great courage in the face of danger.

Duty

Responsibility – the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something.

Obligation – a duty or commitment.

Commitment – the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity.

Loyalty – a strong feeling of support or allegiance.

Service – the act of serving others or fulfilling a societal role.

Integrity – the quality of being honorable and having strong moral principles.

Knowledge

Insight – the ability to gain an accurate and deep understanding of a situation.

Erudition – deep, academic, or scholarly knowledge.

Wisdom – the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment.

Acumen – the ability to make good judgments and quick decisions.

Discernment – the ability to recognize and understand things clearly.

Analytical Verbs and Transitional Phrases

Analytical Verbs

Shows Example: “The text shows Hannay’s adaptation to danger through subtle shifts in his behavior.”

Points to Example: “This passage points to the underlying class divisions prevalent in early 20th-century Britain.”

Emphasizes Example: “Buchan emphasizes the duality between deception and truth through carefully constructed suspense.”

Analyzes Example: “The narrative analyzes the cost of courage by juxtaposing personal sacrifice with patriotic duty.”

Illustrates Example: “Hannay’s experiences illustrate the transformative power of knowledge under pressure.”

Reveals Example: “The author reveals deeper truths about society by contrasting appearances with reality.”

Demonstrates Example: “Hannay’s reaction during adversity demonstrates his inner fortitude and determination.”

Underscores Example: “The text underscores the pervasive nature of deception in a world marred by war and intrigue.”

Critiques Example: “The narrative critiques societal expectations by exposing the inconsistencies in class structures.”

Transitional/Linking Words

Furthermore/Moreover/Additionally – to add extra points.

However/On the other hand/In contrast – to introduce opposing or contrasting ideas.

Therefore/Consequently/As a result – to indicate results or conclusions.

Similarly/Likewise – to show parallels or comparisons.

Technical Term

Denouement This term refers to the final resolution of the plot, where the complexities of the narrative are untangled and the loose ends are tied up near the end of the book. Example: “In the denouement of The 39 Steps, the various strands of espionage and deception coalesce into a clear resolution of conflict.”