American Occupation

American motives for occupation

• Economic, politico-military, and religious motives

• Wanted to establish themselves as successors of the Spaniards

Purpose of the Americans

• After the treaty of Paris, President William McKinley issued the Benevolent Assimilation

• McKinley's: “The Philippines is not ours to exploit but to educate in the science of self governance”.

• 5Ds: Dollar, Defense, Democracy, Deity, and Direct Market

War Timeline

1. The Shot that Started the War

2. Filipino Soldier Responded

3. The Americans sent a Telegram

4. Investigation of the incident

5. Americans Drive to the North

6. Arrival of American Reinforcements

The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet

• Fugitive Republic

• Pro-Autonomy group persuades Aguinaldo to remove Mabini from being the Prime Minister and Secretary of Foreign Affairs

  • Pedro A. Paterno, Amrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino and many others

• Mabini spent the rest of his life writing articles against the Americans

• Assassination of General Antonio Luna

  • He was the chief in the military zone that included many provinces of Central Luzon

  • Died with more than 40 wounds all around his body and head

Americans at High

• The Retreat of Aguinaldo

  • Conducted guerilla warfare against the americans

• The Battle of Pasong Tirad

  • While fleeing, Aguinaldo reached the mountain province

  • Marcel H. Del Pilar was to intersect the Americans that were tracking them

    • One of the youngest generals in the Ph

    • Died when a bullet passed through his neck

• The Capture of Aguinaldo

  • Palanan, Isabela

  • Captured by the American forces led by Frederick Funston with the help of Macabebe scouts.

Pacification of the Philippines

1st Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission)

• Jacob Schurman

• Recommended the establishment of civil-government

• Arrived in Manila in March 1899

• Enforcement of American Sovereignty

• Training for Filipino self-governance

• Protection of Filipino Civil Rights

• Promotion of Filipino welfare

2nd Philippine Commission (Taft Commision)

• William Howard Taft

• Executive and legislative function to put up a civil government

• Americans came to the Ph “not as conquerors but as friends”

• Organizing commission that stayed on to organize the civil government

The Taft Commission

• The Philippines for Filipinos

  • Policy of preparing Filipinos for self-government

• Sale of friar lands to Filipinos

  • US gov’t paid $7.2M to the Vatican in the acquisition of lands

• Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Cooper Act)

  • First congressional law

  • Extension of the US Bill of Rights to the Filipinos

  • Guaranteed establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly

Pacification Measures

• Sedition Law

  • It imposed severe penalties, including death or long imprisonment, on individuals who advocated for the separation of the Philippines from the United States, even through peaceful means

  • No display of Ph flag, singing of National Anthem or plays advocating Ph Independence

• Brigandage Act of 1902

  • Ley de Bandolerismo

  • Classified guerilla fighters or brigands, or ladrones or membership to an armed group punishable by death or long imprisonment not less than 20 years

• Reconcentration Act of 1903

  • Forced the residents of towns infested with bandits to live in designated military zones

  • To facilitate the arrest of guerillas who received support and protection from the people

  • The Philippine Constabulary, Philippine Scouts and Members of the US army combined

• Flag Law 1907

  • Prohibited the display of all flags, banners, symbols, and other paraphernalias

End of Guerilla Warfare

• General Macario Sakay

  • Organizer of resistance forces in Rizal-Cavite Batangas-Laguna

  • Established the Tagalog Republic, continuation of Bonifacio’s Katipunan

• General Miguel Malvar

  • The leader of a resistance group in Rizal and Bulacan

  • Killed in March 23, 1903 during a fierce battle with Ph Scouts serving the US Army

• General Luciano San Miguel

  • April 16, 1902

  • Surrendered in Lipa, Batangas after relentless military campaign of General Franklin Bill.

  • Starving of unarmed hostile civilians and armed guerillas caught outside the reconcentration camps

• General Simeon Ola

  • Last revolutionary general to surrender

  • Surrendered to Col. Harry Bandholtz

    • Sept 25, 1903

    • Guinobatan, Albay

Brutalities of the American Military Campaign

• Balangiga Massacre, Samar (1901-1902)

  • Ordered by General Jacob Smith

  • Kill all men and women above 10 years of age in retaliation to the attack of American soldiers

• Bud Dajo Massacre, Sulu (1906)

  • 4 days of fighting, the Americans suffered 20 casualties and 70 men wounded

  • Thousands of Tausug men, women and children were all killed as a result

During the American Colonization

Creation of Political Parties

• As part of the preparations for the election of members to the First Philippine Assembly

• Federal Party founded by Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

  • First officially recognized political party in the Philippines

  • Annexation of the Philippines as one of the states of the USA

• Nacionalista Party(1901), Liberal Party(1902), Democrata Party(1902)

  • Opposed the platform of the Federal Party

  • Ran on the platform of independence

• Nacionalista Party campaigned for immediate independence

1907 Election

• In accordance to the Cooper Act or The Philippine Bill of 1902

• Filipinos could elect delegates to the Philippine Assembly

• Issue of immediate independence (Nacionalista Party) vs. eventual independence (Progresista Party)

• Inauguration of the Assembly with Sergio Osmeña as Speaker and Manuel L. Quezon as majority floor leader

  • Oct 16, 1907

Jones Law

• Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

• Intention of the US to “withdraw sovereignty over the Ph islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein.”

Cabinet Crisis of 1923

• Conflict between Wood and Filipino political leaders over veto power

  • General Leonard Wood, who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines during the American colonization period

• Quezon and Osmeña pointed out that since Wood became governor, he vetoed more than 120 bills submitted by the Philippine Legislature

OS-ROX Mission

• Independence mission sent to the United States in 1931

  • Recommendation of Quezon

• Headed by Senator Sergio S. Osmeña and Speaker Manuel A. Roxas

• American groups favored Philippine independence:

  • American farm group, labor leaders and isolationists

Hare-Hawes Cutting Law

• U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

• Provided for Philippine independence after a ten-year Commonwealth Period

• Commonwealth government to be established in the Philippines would be autonomous, except for foreign affairs and currency under the President of the United States

Tydings-Mcduffie Act

• Quezon worked with Senator Millard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie

• Reenacted the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law with minor revisions

• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Tydings-McDuffie Act on March 24, 1934

• Revision included the retention of naval reservations and fueling stations

1935 Constitution

• Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the framing of a constitution for the Commonwealth government

• The election to the constitutional convention was held on July 10, 1934

• 202 delegates were elected

• Constitutional Convention inaugurated on July 30, 1934, with Claro M. Recto as president

  • Learned scholar, lawyer, poet and parliamentarian

• Delegates are not free to frame a constitution suited to the Filipinos and their history

• Convention approved the Constitution on February 8, 1935

• President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved it on March 23, 1935

• Filipino people approved the constitution in a plebiscite on May 14, 1935

• Quezon and Osmeña won as president and vice president in the June 16, 1935 election

• Commonwealth inaugurated on November 15, 1935, in front of