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  • By 1750, the Ottoman Empire disrupted European trade routes, the Mughal Empire was weakening, Japan was isolating itself, and France was experiencing financial problems.
  • The world in 1750 was characterized by Eurasian states/empires, coastal African kingdoms, and European maritime empires. Japan remained isolated.
  • Interactions among these entities disrupted regional trade and shaped new global trade networks.

Key Themes and Concepts

  • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems: Commercial activity's role in Ottoman and Mughal Empires.
  • Development, Movement, and Interaction of Cultures: How global kingdoms/empires were built; conditions favoring empire building.
  • Power, Authority, and Governance: Comparison of centralization in Tokugawa Japan and Bourbon France.

Key People and Terms

  • Write a sentence explaining the significance of each term and individual:
    • Constantinople: Captured by Ottomans in 1453, renamed Istanbul, became capital.
    • Suleiman: 16th-century Ottoman ruler, strengthened government, improved justice.
    • Millet: Religious communities in Ottoman Empire, maintained traditions under Ottoman law.
    • Janissary: Elite force in Ottoman army, recruited from conquered groups.
    • Sepoy: Indian troops in service of European companies.
    • Selective borrowing: Adopting specific aspects of another culture.
    • Zen Buddhism: Emphasizes peace, simple living, nature; spread through feudal Japan.
    • Shogun: Top military commander in feudal Japan.
    • Samurai: Warriors loyal to daimyo, lived by bushido.
    • Alternate attendance policy: Required daimyo to live in Edo every other year.
    • Exclusion edicts: Banned Christianity, restricted trade in Tokugawa Japan.
    • Louis XIV: French king, model of absolutism.
    • Bishop Jacques Bossuet: Advocated divine right of kings.
    • Divine right: Belief that a ruler's authority comes from God.
    • Versailles: Lavish palace, symbol of Louis XIV's power.
    • Benin, Ashanti, Dahomey: Coastal African kingdoms.
    • Qing: Dynasty that ruled China after the Manchus invaded.
    • Queue: Manchu hairstyle imposed on Chinese men.
    • Peter the Great: Russian czar, worked to modernize Russia.
    • Glorious Revolution: Bloodless overthrow in England, led to limited monarchy.
    • English Bill of Rights: Ensured Parliament's superiority over monarchy.
    • Conquistador: Spanish conquerors in the Americas.

Chapter 1 Empires in Hsia, Africa, Russia, and Europe

  • Trade and conquest interconnected people globally. By 1750, kings/emperors sought colonies, wealth, and power.
Ottoman Empire
  • 1453: Ottomans captured Constantinople, overthrew Byzantine Empire, renamed city Istanbul.
  • Geographic Expansion: Expanded into Europe, Middle East, North Africa. Captured Mecca, lands along Nile River, Crimean Peninsula. By 1500s, largest empire in Middle East/Europe.
  • Military Technology: Cannons, muskets for foot soldiers increased battlefield effectiveness.
  • Suleiman's Golden Age: 16th century, strengthened government, improved justice based on Sharia law.
  • Diverse Society: Ruled diverse peoples/religions, Islam became dominant culture. Architecture/art blended Byzantine and Muslim cultures.
  • Millets: Religious communities maintained traditions, educated people, obeyed Ottoman law.
  • Janissaries: Recruited from conquered groups, converted to Islam, elite force in Ottoman army.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
  • Internal Disunity: Nations broke free, government corruption, poor leadership.
  • European Search for New Trade Routes: Ottoman control disrupted European trade, prompting search for new routes.
  • Rising Power of European States: European commercial/military technology surpassed Ottomans. Commercial revolution in Europe, therefore, was a strong factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Mughal India
  • Founded by Babur, descendant of Genghis Khan, early 1500s to mid-1700s, ruled much of India.
  • Akbar the Great: Strengthened central government, modernized army, encouraged trade, land reforms, promoted religious tolerance.
  • Challenges Lead to Decline: Aurangzeb reversed religious tolerance, imposed Islamic law. Political rivalries rose, including Marathas, Sikhs. By mid-1700s, Marathas had power over much of northern and central India.
    -Growth of European Power: European merchants built power. British/French East India Companies made alliances with local rulers, organized armies of sepoys (Indian troops).
Tokugawa Japan
  • Early society: Organized into clans, Yamato clan gained control, became royal family.
  • Selective Borrowing: Cultural diffusion, Japan chose aspects of culture from China and Korea to adapt to its own traditions.
  • Religion: Buddhism flourished alongside Shinto (worship of kami).
  • Confucianism: Family loyalty, honor of parents, respect for learning took root.
  • Writing System: Adapted Chinese system to suit Japanese language/ideas.
  • Feudal Japan: Emperor ruled in name, real power with shoguns (military commanders).
  • Classes: Daimyo (vassal lords), samurai (warriors), peasants, artisans.
  • Bushido: Samurai code of conduct (loyalty, bravery, honor).
  • Tokugawa Shogunate: Brought peace/stability, unified society by controlling daimyo through "alternate attendance policy".
Bourbon France
  • By late 1600s, France replaced Spain as most powerful European nation. Kings increased royal power, reduced noble power.
  • Louis XIII/Richelieu subdued nobles/Huguenots.

- Louis XIV: Strengthened monarchy, divine right of kings (Bishop Jacques Bossuet's argument), expanded bureaucracy, built Versailles, organized army, persecuted Huguenots.