L2-1Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology I: The Brain
Class 2: Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology I
第二課：神經解剖學與神經生理學 I
Organization of the Nervous System
神經系統的組織
Nervous System is broadly divided into:
神經系統廣泛分為：
Central Nervous System (CNS)
中樞神經系統 (CNS)
Brain
大腦
Spinal Cord
脊髓
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
周圍神經系統 (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
軀體神經系統
Pyramidal System
錐體系統
Extrapyramidal System
錐體外系統
Autonomic Nervous System
自主神經系統
Parasympathetic NS
副交感神經系統
Sympathetic NS
交感神經系統
Central Nervous System (CNS)
中樞神經系統 (CNS)
Anatomical Division of the Brain大腦的解剖學劃分
Supratentorial
幕上層
Includes: Hemispheres, lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cranial nerves I and II.
包括：大腦半球、腦葉、基底核、丘腦、第一和第二對腦神經。
Posterior fossa
後顱窩
Includes: Pons, medulla, midbrain, and cerebellum.
包括：腦橋、延髓、中腦和小腦。
Peripheral
周圍
Includes: Cranial and spinal nerves.
包括：腦神經和脊神經。
Systematic Division of the Brain大腦的系統劃分
Based on embryonic development:
基於胚胎發育：
Forebrain
前腦
Telencephalon
端腦
Diencephalon
間腦
Midbrain
中腦
Mesencephalon
中腦
Hindbrain
後腦
Metencephalon
後腦 (腦橋、小腦)
Myelencephalon
腦髓 (延髓)
Based on anatomical division:
基於解剖學劃分：
Cerebrum
大腦
Cerebellum
小腦
Brainstem
腦幹
Components of Systematic Division系統劃分的組成部分
Telencephalon
端腦
Cerebral hemispheres
大腦半球
Limbic system
邊緣系統
Basal ganglia
基底核
Lateral ventricles
側腦室
Diencephalon
間腦
Thalamus
丘腦
Hypothalamus
下丘腦
Third ventricle
第三腦室
Mesencephalon
中腦
Midbrain
中腦
Cerebral aqueduct
大腦導水管
Metencephalon
後腦 (腦橋、小腦)
Pons
腦橋
Cerebellum
小腦
Fourth ventricle
第四腦室
Myelencephalon
腦髓 (延髓)
Medulla oblongata
延髓
Fourth ventricle
第四腦室
Telencephalon – Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
端腦 – 大腦半球 (大腦)
Consists of two cerebral hemispheres: left and right.
由兩個大腦半球組成：左半球和右半球。
Outer layer = Cortex
外層 = 大腦皮層
Mainly gray matter, composed primarily of neuronal cell bodies.
主要為灰質，主要由神經元細胞體組成。
Inner layer = White matter
內層 = 白質
Primarily composed of myelinated axons.
主要由有髓軸突組成。
Located closer to the center of the brain.
位於大腦的中心附近。
Anatomical Landmarks of the Cerebrum大腦的解剖學標誌
Fissures: Large grooves.
裂：大溝。
Sulci (singular: sulcus): Grooves.
溝 (單數：sulcus)：溝。
Gyri (singular: gyrus): Mounds.
腦回 (單數：gyrus)：隆起。
Examples of Key Landmarks:
主要標誌的例子：
Longitudinal Fissure: Separates the left hemisphere from the right hemisphere.
縱裂：將左半球與右半球分開。
Central Sulcus / Fissure of Rolando: Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in each hemisphere.
中央溝 / 羅蘭多裂：將每個半球的額葉與頂葉分開。
Lateral Sulcus / Sylvian Fissure: Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
側溝 / 側腦裂：將額葉和頂葉與顳葉分開。
Lobes of the Cerebrum大腦葉
Four main lobes:
四個主要腦葉：
Frontal lobe
額葉
Parietal lobe
頂葉
Temporal lobe
顳葉
Occipital lobe
枕葉
Additional structures:
其他結構：
Insular lobe / cortex
島葉 / 皮層
Limbic system
邊緣系統
Functional Neuroanatomy
功能性神經解剖學
Localization Theory
局部化理論
Correlation between specific brain anatomy and language behaviors.
特定大腦解剖結構與語言行為之間的相關性。
Pioneered by Paul Broca (1824-1880) and Carl Wernicke (1848-1904).
由保羅·布洛卡 (1824-1880) 和 卡爾·威爾尼克 (1848-1904) 開創。
Involves relating brain lesions and damage to specific deficits in speech and language.
涉及將腦部病變和損傷與言語和語言方面的特定缺陷聯繫起來。
Brodmann Areas
布羅德曼分區
Brodmann (1909) assigned numbers to 5050 distinct areas of the cerebral cortex.
布羅德曼 (1909) 將數字分配給大腦皮層的 5050 個不同區域。
Areas were mapped based on cytoarchitecture using Nissl stain for cells.
這些區域是根據使用尼氏染色法對細胞進行的細胞結構繪製的。
Frontal Lobe
額葉
Largest lobe of the brain.
大腦中最大的腦葉。
Functions:
功能：
Expressive language.
表達性語言。
Volitional movement.
意願性運動。
Motor planning.
運動規劃。
Cognition: attention, memory, reasoning, personality.
認知：注意力、記憶、推理、人格。
Important Areas:
重要區域：
Primary motor cortex (PMC)
初級運動皮層 (PMC)
Premotor cortex
前運動皮層
Broca’s area
布洛卡區
Prefrontal cortex
前額葉皮層
Primary Motor Cortex (PMC)初級運動皮層 (PMC)
Also known as the motor strip, located in the precentral gyrus.
又稱作運動帶，位於中央前回。
Function: Responsible for volitional (voluntary) movement of muscles of the head, neck, and body.
功能：負責頭部、頸部和身體肌肉的意願性 (自主) 運動。
Contains many pyramidal motor cells connected to the body in a topographical arrangement.
包含許多以拓撲排列方式連接到身體的錐體運動細胞。
Motor Homunculus (Latin for “Little man”):
運動小人 (拉丁語意為「小人」)：
Every part of the body is represented in the primary motor cortex.
身體的每個部分都在初級運動皮層中有所代表。
Representations are arranged topographically.
這些代表是按拓撲排列的。
Diagrams indicate the location and the amount of cortex devoted to each body part.
圖表指示了每個身體部位的皮層位置和所佔皮層量。
Significance: A larger drawn body part signifies greater cortical involvement, meaning that part is more richly innervated.
意義：繪製的身體部位越大表示皮層參與度越高，意味著該部位的神經支配更豐富。
Higher parts of the body are represented towards the Sylvian (lateral) fissure.
身體較高的部位在側腦裂 (外側裂) 附近有代表。
Each representation corresponds to the contralateral side of the body, due to the crossing of neural tracts.
每個代表對應於身體的對側，因為神經束的交叉。
Premotor Cortex前運動皮層
Corresponds to Brodmann area 6.
對應於布羅德曼第 6 區。
Located adjacent to the Primary Motor Cortex (PMC).
位於初級運動皮層 (PMC) 附近。
Function: Involved in the selection of motor plans and preparing movements for the PMC.
功能：參與運動計劃的選擇以及為 PMC 準備運動。
Damage or stimulation in this area reflects behaviors related to motor function, but in a less specific and localized way compared to PMC.
該區域的損傷或刺激反映了與運動功能相關的行為，但與 PMC 相比，其特異性和局部性較差。
Broca’s Area布洛卡區
Corresponds to Brodmann areas 44 and 45.
對應於布羅德曼第 44 和 45 區。
Located just inferior to and anterior to the premotor cortex.
位於前運動皮層的下方和前方。
Function: Provides projections to the premotor cortex and PMC for speech production.
功能：為前運動皮層和 PMC 提供投射，用於言語產生。
Damage: Leads to nonfluent Aphasia (e.g., understanding of language remains intact, but speech production is significantly affected).
損傷：導致非流利性失語症 (例如，語言理解能力完好，但言語產生受到顯著影響)。
Prefrontal Cortex前額葉皮層
Corresponds to Brodmann areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 46.
對應於布羅德曼第 8、9、10、11、12 和 46 區。
Known as the multimodal association cortex.
被稱為多模式聯合皮層。
Function: Receives converging inputs from multiple areas of the brain and thalamus, allowing for higher cognitive processes.
功能：接收來自大腦多個區域和丘腦的會聚輸入，從而實現更高層次的認知過程。
Reasoning
推理
Executive functions: planning, organization, monitoring, and controlling of behavior.
執行功能：規劃、組織、監控和控制行為。
Personality.
人格。
Parietal Lobe
頂葉
Function: Conscious reception and integration of various sensations.
功能：有意識地接收和整合各種感覺。
Important Areas:
重要區域：
Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
初級體感皮層 (中央後回)
Language areas: inferior parietal lobule, including the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus.
語言區：下頂小葉，包括緣上回和角回。
Primary Somatosensory Cortex初級體感皮層
Corresponds to Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3.
對應於布羅德曼第 1、2 和 3 區。
Also known as the sensory strip.
又稱感覺帶。
Function: Receives sensory information (touch, vibration, pain, temperature) via tracts from the brainstem and spinal cord.
功能：通過來自腦幹和脊髓的通路接收感官信息 (觸覺、振動、疼痛、溫度)。
Transmits conscious sensations from sensory receptors located in the head, neck, and body.
傳遞來自位於頭部、頸部和身體的感覺受體的有意識感覺。
Sensory Homunculus:
感覺小人：
A topographical representation of the sensory distribution of the body in the cerebral cortex.
大腦皮層中身體感覺分佈的拓撲表示。
The face occupies most of the area of the sensory homunculus, indicating its rich sensory innervation.
臉部佔據了感覺小人大部分區域，表明其豐富的感覺神經支配。
Corresponds to the contralateral side of the body.
對應於身體的對側。
Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL) (Parietal-Temporal-Occipital or P-T-O Region)下頂小葉 (IPL) (頂葉-顳葉-枕葉區或 P-T-O 區)
Corresponds to Brodmann areas 39 (angular gyrus) and 40 (supramarginal gyrus).
對應於布羅德曼第 39 區 (角回) 和第 40 區 (緣上回)。
Known as Geschwind’s territory.
被稱為格什溫德區 (Geschwind’s territory)。
Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40):
緣上回 (BA 40)：
Associated with a broad range of language formulation operations, spanning from semantic to phonologic processing.
與廣泛的語言構成運作相關，涵蓋語義到語音處理。
Angular gyrus (BA 39):
角回 (BA 39)：
Responsible for semantic processing, particularly the understanding of metaphors, and mathematical reasoning.
負責語義處理，特別是理解隱喻和數學推理。
Temporal Lobe
顳葉
Function: Primarily involved in auditory function and receptive language.
功能：主要參與聽覺功能和感受性語言。
Important Areas:
重要區域：
Primary auditory cortex
初級聽覺皮層
Wernicke’s area
威爾尼克區
Primary Auditory Cortex初級聽覺皮層
Corresponds to Brodmann areas 41 and 42, also known as Heschl’s gyrus.
對應於布羅德曼第 41 和 42 區，又稱赫氏回。
Function: Signals from the cochlea (inner ear) ultimately terminate here.
功能：來自耳蝸 (內耳) 的信號最終在此處終止。
The anterior area responds to higher frequencies.
前部區域響應較高頻率。
The posterior area responds to lower frequencies.
後部區域響應較低頻率。
Damage: Can result in cortical deafness.
損傷：可能導致皮層性耳聾。
Wernicke’s Area威爾尼克區
Corresponds to Brodmann area 22.
對應於布羅德曼第 22 區。
Damage: Leads to Wernicke’s aphasia, characterized by impaired ability to understand language (receptive aphasia).
損傷：導致威爾尼克失語症，其特徵是理解語言的能力受損 (感受性失語症)。