Western CIV Midterm Notes

10/21/24

Part II Identifications: An identification (ID) is a substantial paragraph / short essay describing a historical term. In your answers, address Who? (individuals, groups, organizations), What? (characteristics, events, ideas, developments, etc.), Where?, When?, Why?, and then tie these facts together with the Historical Significance of the term. IDs must be written in paragraph form, using complete sentences--not lists, phrases, outlines, etc. Be specific in your answers, providing factual information and concrete description. To prepare, I recommend making up a brief outline with the key information for each term after reviewing the PowerPoint slides, your class notes, and the text. (You cannot consult notes or outlines during the exam, of course). (2 IDs--40%). **Prepare for all four Identifications, I will choose two on the exam. ** 1. Athens and Sparta 2. Hellenistic Kingdoms 3. Roman Republic 4. Rise of Christianity in Roman Empire

4 Identifications

  1. Athens and Sparta

Sparta (Greek)

  • Location: Laocnia, in Peloponnesus

  • Messenians become helots of Spartans

  • Militant society (warrior class)

WHO? Constitution of Lycurgus

  • Lycurgus is a legend that created order and stability

  • Credited for Eunomia

Government: Direct democracy,

  • 2 Kings (generals)

  • Council of Elders (Gerousia)

  • Ephors (executive and implemented laws)

  • Assembly of equals (Warriors, allowed to vote)

WHAT?

  • Strict society

  • Controlled borders

  • Strength physically and mentally —> “Come back with your shield or on it”

  • Women were more physically fit

  • Women had more Freedom & rights

  • Would manage the Helots (laborers for Spartans)

WHEN?

  • 725 BCE

  • In 650 BCE the Helots revolt

WHY?

- Wanted more control

- Wanted the people to be tough

- Eugenic selection (Selective breeding)

- Trained their youth to be warriors

- trained to steal from Helots

ATHENS

WHO?

  • SOLON - Creator of debt holiday, wise lawmaker

  • Created debt crisis (NO BANKS), had to borrow money from the wealthy

  • Draco - Lawmaker

  • The Tyrant Pisistratus - had support from the people

  • *People = Demos

  • Cleisthenes = Father of Athenian democracy

  • Athenian Democracy- 4 parts SEEN IN SLIDE 32

WHAT?

  • Creation of Athenian democracy 508 BCE

WHEN?

  • 621 BCE Laws of Draco - law code to end blood feuds

  • 594 BCE Reforms of Solon

WHERE?

  • Greece

  • *Athens is the capital of Greece

WHY?

  • Wanted more freedom bc Spartans were too strict

HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS

WHO?

  • People Ruled under Alexander Great

  • Alexander the Great

  • Patricians

  • Plebeians (commoners)

WHAT?

  • Battle of Iosis- Alexander the great conquers Persia after defeating Darius the III

  • Division of Kingdoms

    • Ptolemaic Kingdom- Egypt

    • Antigonid Kingdom- Macedonia & Greece

    • Seleucid Kingdom- Asian Minor

    • Spread of Greece culture to new Kingdoms

    • Frequent war

    • They are conquered by Romans in 168 BCE

    • Library of Alexandria -

    • Ruled by monarchies- kings are considered Divine

WHEN?

  • 3380- 30 BCE Hellenistic Era

  • 323 BCE, Alexander the great DIES

WHERE?

  • Conquers all of Persia and continues East

  • Establishes 20 cities

  • Alexandria, Egypt: Hellenistic cultural center under Ptolemaic rulers, blends Greek and Egyptian cultures

WHY?

  • Spread the Greek culture (language, art, philosophy, architecture)

Roman Republic

Who?

  • Aeneas: Trojan prince

  • Romolus & Remus- founders of Rome (it's a myth)

  • Plebeians - commoners

  • Patricians: wealthy people

  • Julius Caesar- ruler during the first triumvirate

  • Crassus- suppressed Spartacus rebellion

  • Octavian- Caesar adopted son

What?

  • The first and second triumvirate

  • The three Punic wars were during the Roman republic

  • Rome expands into the Hellenistic east

  • There were many power struggles

  • The roman civil war where Caesar defeats Pompey

  • Octavian becomes Augustus and takes control

  • 200 years of peace under Augustus (Pax Romana) \

  • No monarchy

When?

  • The Romans (509 BCE - 476 CE)

  • The Roman Republic ( 509-27 BCE)

  • The Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE)

Where?

  • Greece

  • Takes over Hellenistic east

Why?

  • Expansion

  • Power of struggles- too many wars

  • Everything was built under Greek techniques

Multiple Choice

  • Greek Polis--characteristics, forms of government

  • Wars of Greeks and Romans: Persian, Peloponnesian, Punic

  • Greek colonization, federalism, imperialism, hegemony

  • Rise of Macedonia

    • Demosthenes- spoke and warned people against Philip’s goals “phililipic”

    • Philip of Macedonia (r. 359-338 BCE)

    • Extends control over weakening Greek Poleis

    • 338 BCE- Battle of Chaeronea- defeats Athens and Thebes…now end of independent poleis and under Macedonian monarchy (ruled under the King)

    • Philip seems himself as saving the Greeks (wanting to bring unity and order), some people view him as a Tyrant

    • 336 BCE- planned on grand war on Persia, but assassinated by son Alexander

  • Alexander the Great: Conquests, Plan of Empire, Impact

    • Student of Aristotle

    • Vows to carry out Philip’s plans- Puts down rebellion in Thebes (killed men, women and kids sold, buildings torn down and burned but churches and temples stayed)

    • Conquests: 334-323 BCE- the heartland

      1. 334- begins at Troy- imitating the Iliad

      2. Gordium: The Gordian Knot- no one could untie the knot, but if you can untie it, you can rule Asia so he cut the knot

      3. Visits the Oracle of Ammon-Zeus at Siwah (Egypt): was called the “Son of Zeus” because the oracle said he was basically a God, was a new pharaoh (new leader), and founds Alexandria

      4. Military Innovations- role of cavalry (good horsemen, speed and power helps), catapult (throws rocks at enemies), and sarissa (long spear 12-14ft)

    • He confronts Darius III of Persia at Battle of Isos-conquers all of Persia and continues to push East

      1. Plan of governance- create Greek hybrid culture, blending the East and West

      2. Encourages intermarriage with conquered peoples- he marries Roxana to make a powerful civilization

      3. Establishes 20 cities

      4. 326 BCE- Mutiny at Hyphasis River

      5. 323 BCE- he dies of alcohol

      6. Commanders fight over succession- killed his Son and family to make sure no one else in that blood line ruled

    • Hellenistic Kingdoms:

      1. Antigonid- Macedonia and Greece

      2. Ptolemaic- Egypt

      3. Seleucid

    • Hellenistic Kingdoms

      1. Spread Greek Culture, heterogeneous populations, monarchies, professional armies, Hellenistic cities (non-sovereign)

      2. Eventually conquered between 168 and 31 BCE by Romans

      3. Alexandria, Egypt- culture center under Ptolemaic rulers (blends Greek, Jews, and Egyptian cultures)

  • Greek and Roman religion

    • Roman Religion

    • Greek Religion

  • Greek and Roman military organization

    • Roman military organization-

  • Greek and Roman architecture

    • Romans

      1. Runes and old buildings

      2. The coliseum

  • Greek and Roman slavery

  • Rome—origins & founding myths

    • The Rise of Rome: Italy before Roman Conquest

    • Magna Graecia- greek settlements in southern Italy and Sicily

    • Etruscan contributions- alphabet, Romans denied Etruscanluxary and favored simple lifestyle

    • Legends- Aeneas- Trojan Prince & Romulus and Remus- two orphans adopted by a shewolf.

    • Abduction of Sabine Women- the twins would take random women and make them their wives

    • Roman Republic Governemnt- Senate, Assemblies, Consuls, Praetors, and Censors

  • Late Roman Republic: challenges, class and power struggles, leaders

    • 509 BCE- traditional date for overthrow of last king, the Etruscan Tarquin the Proud (response to son’s rape towards Roman woman Lucretia and her suicide- now Rome becomes a republic)

    • Social order

      1. Patricians- upper class; monopolized political, military, economic power

      2. Plebeians-commoners; could not uphold political office (could not marry into patrician class)

    • Struggle of the Orders- 494-287 BCE- plebeians go on strike

    • Law of 12 tables- 450 BCE legal equality- plebeians gain equal rights (still a distinction between classes but had more rights)

  • Augustus and Pax

  • Romana Birth of Christianity: Religious Context, Ministry of Jesus, Paul of Tarsus, growth

  • Decline of the Roman Empire--causes

  • Roman Catholic Church—origins, development

  • Christian Monasticism

  • Christianity and Classical Culture

  • Gender, Sexuality, & Family in Greece, Rome, and Early Christianity---attitudes & practices

  • Germanic “Barbarian” Peoples

  • Roman Britain & Anglo-Saxon England

  • Byzantine Empire--politics, religion, culture