Literature

Literature

  • can be defined as the collected oral and written works of a society that depict the people’s beliefs, values, mores and aspirations, as well as their struggles in life. 

  • Collection of intellectual 

  • Encompasses religion, broader scope 

  • Literature has gone beyond its oral nature. Although oral literature, or what critics call “orature”, still abounds, there exists a great body of works in the written form. 


3 types of literature

  1. Poetry- written in verse. It has measures, rhymes, lines, stanzas, and tone. 

  • Figurative

  1. Prose- written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs. The subject matter is usually familiar and ordinary although it also tackles subjects on heroism, beauty, love and common experience with nobility of spirits 

  • Essays, short stories

  1. Drama- literary form presented on stage. Involves three elements namely: 

  1. Theatre 

  2. Actors and director

  3. Audience 

  • could be both porsodic and poetic 

  • Dramatic Prosody and Poetry


  1. LYRIC POETRY 

  • Intended to be sung. 

  • Expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. 

  • Usually short, simple and easy to understand


  1. SONG- melodious and intended to be sung and can easily be adopted to music 

  2. SONNET- 14- line poem that the Italian and english writers have popularized 

  3. ELEGY- expresses deep feeling of grief for someone who passed away; could be performed even after a funeral (not like eulogy; performed only in funeral) 

  4. ODE- is a splendid type of poetry with expression of affinity to someone loved 

  5. PSALMS- are songs of praise God and to the Virgin Mary 

Rhyme scheme- The pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem, typically described using letters to denote which lines rhyme with each other.

  • End Rhyme-  A rhyme that occurs at the end of a line of poetry. It's the most common type of rhyme and often helps to create a musical quality in a poem.

  • Internal Rhyme- A rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry or between the middle of one line and the end of another line. This technique adds rhythm and can enhance the overall sound and structure of the poem. 

II. NARRATIVE POETRY 

  • Long descriptive poem about life and events that may be real or imaginary. 

  • Tells a story with sequential order of events 

  • more on the story 

  • The EPIC- a long narrative poetry that exploits the lives of heroes, sometimes of gods and goddesses. 

  • The BALLAD- is considered the shortest and simplest form of poetry. It tells a single incident in a verse composed to be sung. 

Examples: Love ballads, war ballads, sea ballads, humorous, moral, historical, or even mythical ballads 


III. DRAMATIC POETRY 

  • A long poetry that has the intention of being presented on stage. It may have a story but the emphasis lies more on the character rather than on the narrative. 

  1. DRAMATIC MONOLOG- a combination of drama and poetry. The speaker addresses one or more listeners but they remain silent. 

  • acting as if somebody is there with them

  1. SOLILOQUY- a type of poetry spoken by the speaker alone with no one present to hear him except the audience. 

  • talking to oneself 

  1. CHARACTER SKETCH- is less concerned with the events of the story but rather with arousing sympathy. Antagonism, and interest of an individual. The poet merely observes and comments 

  • telling another person about another person

  1. ASIDE- performer provides side comment 

  • combination of many dramatic monolog

PROSE 

  • FICTION

    • defined as a series of imaginative facts about truthsin human life. 

  1. NOVEL- long narrative divided into chapters and may involve few numerous characters. 

  • complex plot

  • numerous characters 

  • more elaborate settings 

  1. SHORT STORY- short narrative involves one or more characters focus on one single plot, one single impression

ELEMENTS OF THE STORY

  1. Characters- The individuals portrayed in a narrative.

    a. protagonist- The main character or hero

    b. antagonist- The character opposing the protagonist, often the villain.

    c. deuteragonist- The second most important character

    d. fringe character- Minor characters who often face inner conflict.

    e. minor character- Characters with less significance in the plot.

B. SETTING- the time and place in which the story occurs

C. PLOT- The sequence of events that make up the story, often without revealing the conclusion immediately. It has various stages: 

  • condensed form 

  • brief narration 

  1. EXPOSITION- Introduction to characters and setting.

  • ACTIVE- dynamic of the story when there is a lot happening 

  • PASSIVE- dynamic of the story when it has a healing or chill start

  1. ASCENDING ACTION- Build-up to the climax

  2. CLIMAX-the peak of emotional intensity

  3. DENOUEMENT- unfolding of the plot; resolution of the plot

  4. CONCLUSION- The final part, where the story concludes and the theme is understood.

D. Conflict- The challenge or struggle that the characters face, which can be:

  1. Man vs. Man/society

  2. man vs. himself

  3. man vs. nature 

E. SUSPENSE- The sense of uncertainty or excitement about what may happen next.

  • suspension of thoughts

G. CLIMAX 

F. DENOUEMENT

G. POINT OF VIEW- The perspective from which the story is told:

  • Third person omniscient- all knowing:The narrator knows all characters' thoughts.

  • Third person- observer character: The narrator is an observer of the action.

  • First person- The narrator is a character in the story.

H. Mood

  • The underlying emotion conveyed to the reader after watching or reading the story or movie 

  • overall effect 

I . STYLE- The author's unique way of expressing ideas, which can incorporate techniques like foreshadowing and flashbacks.

 Type of writting 

  • FORESHADOWING- A literary device that provides hints or clues about what will happen later in the story. It builds anticipation in the reader and can create suspense.

  • FLASHBACKING- A technique that involves a scene or event from the past being inserted into the narrative. This helps to provide background or context to the current story, shedding light on characters' motivations or the situation they find themselves in. 

  • DEUS X MACHINA- A plot device wherein an unexpected power or event intervenes to resolve a situation in a story. This often comes in the form of an improbable or unexpected character or event that provides a sudden solution to the conflict.

  • LOCAL COLORS 

  • MEDIARES


J.  THEME- overall message or underlying idea of the story


NON FICTION


  1. Formal essay

  • more serious subjects such as theology, science, politics, 

2 . Informal essay

  • view and opinion of the writer about any subject in an ordinary manner 


DRAMA 

  1. TRAGEDY- involves the principal character or hero struggling against dynamic forces. The action usually ends unhappily where the principal character meets death or faces the catastrophe with dignity and courage 

  2. COMEDY- This is nature with the purpose of musing the audience. A true comedy is serious and full of deep meaning. However, it is infused with wit. Delicate and new ideas. It injects humor and ends happily by showing repentance and confirmation to be good.