Lecture 8.1.2.3

Lecture 8.1

Long Bone Anatomy, Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremities

Structure of Long Bone

Diaphysis → bone shaft

Epiphyses → found on the ends of a bone

Metaphyses → found between the diaphyses and epiphyses

Epipphyses Growth Plates

  • represent areas of bone growth compromised of hyaline cartilage that is converted into spongey bone

Epiphyseal Growth Lines

  • represent an artifact of the epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage is gone and no new interstitial bone growth occurs → bone stops growing

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Pectoral Girdle : Clavicle and Scapula
  • Upper Extremities : Humerus, Ulna/Radius, Carpals, Palangees

Clavicle

  • the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the clavicular notch of the sternum
  • the acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

Acromiaclavicular Joint and Sternoclavicular Joint

  • Acromioclavicular Joint → articulation between the acromion process of the scapula with the acromial end of the clavicle
  • Sternoclavicular Joint → articulation between the clavicular notch of the sternum with the sternal end of the clavicle

Glenoid fossa → articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Humerus

  • Proximal → 1 head, 2 necks (surgical vs anatomical)

  • Distal → capitulum (lateral) and trochlea (trochlea)  

  • articulation with radius and ulna

Radius and Ulna

  • Radius → lateral
  • Ulna → Medial

Both Contain :

→ heads that are oriented in opposite directions

→ styloid processes that are oriented in the same direction

Articulations :

  • Proximal Art. – head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulna
  • Distal Art. – head of the ulna with the ulnar notch of the radius

Articulations Between Humerus, Ulna and Radius

  1. Articulation Always Present
  • the capitulum of the humerus with the head of the radius
  • the trochlea of the humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna
  1. Articulation During Forearm Flexion
  • coronoid process of the humerus with the coronoid process of the ulna
  1. Articulation During Forearm Extension
  • olecranon fossa of the humerus with olecranon process of ulna

Bones of the Hand

  • Proximal Carpal row : Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

  • Distal Carpal row : Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

  • Metacarpals: I – V (Pollex (thumb) to Pinky)

  • Phalanges → Proximal, Middle and Distal

  • Pollex → Proximal and Distal only

→ 8 carpal + 5 metacarpal + 14 phalanges → 27 bones (1 hand) = 54 bone in total (both hands)

Lecture 8.2

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremities

Pelvic Girdle

  • AKA os coxae
  • Three bones that form the pelvic girdle :

1. pubis → anterior

2. Ischium → superior

3. ilium → posterior

→ Functions :

  1. articulates with the vertebral column → sacroiliac joint
  • articulation of the posterior surface of the ilium with the sacrum
  1. articulates with the lower extremities → acetabulo-femoral joint
  • articulation of acetabulum with the head of the femur
  1. protects and supports pelvic organs

4 Structure of Ilium

  1. Spines : Anterior Superior and Inferior Iliac spines
  2. Iliac Crest
  3. Iliac Fossa

2 Structures of Ischium

  1. Ischial Tuberosities
  2. Ischial Ramus

Pubis

  1. Superior and Inferior Pubic Ramus
  2. Pubic Symphysis

Sexual DIsmorphisism of the Pelvis

  • Female

  • wider pubic arch (>90*) for the accommodation of baby delivery

  • broader false pelvis → broad hips (distance between ilium)

  • oval-shaped pelvic inlet/brim

  • Male

  • narrower pubic arch and false pelvis

  • Apple-shaped pelvic inlet/brim

Structures of the Femur

  • Head → the Ligament Teres runs through the Fovea Capitis of the head to anchor the head of the femur to the acetabulum

  • the direction of the head allows for identifying medial vs lateral directional (head point in/medially)

  • linea aspera

  • medial and lateral  condyles and epicondyles

Tibia (Medial) and Fibia (Lateral)

→ TIbia forms tibiofemoral joint : lateral and medial condyles of tibia with lateral and

medial condyles of distal femur

  • Tibia Structures : tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus, fibular notch

→ Fibula forms two articulations :

  • proximal articulation : lateral condyle of tibia with head of fibula
  • distal articulation : shaft of fibula with fibular notch of tibia

Foot

  • Tarsals : Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Midle, Lateral, Intermediate cuniforms, Cuboid

  • Metatarsals : I - V (Hallux (thumb) to pinky)

  • Phalangees : Proximal, Middle, and Distal

  • Hallux → Proximal and Distal only

7 tarsals + 5 metatarsals + 14 phalangees → 26 bone (1 hand) = 52 bones in total (both hands)

  • Arches → help distribute the weight of the body evenly  on the foot

  • Fallen arches affect the way weight is distributed and the way one walks

→ Three Longitudinal Arches of the Foot :

  1. Medial - formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuniform, 1st metatarsal bones
  2. Transverse - formed by cuboid bone and navicular bones
  3. Lateral - calcaneus, cuboid, 5th metatarsal bones