Animalia Notes

Multicellular organisms.
Ingestive heterotrophs: They obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms or organic matter.
Examples: humans, sponges, worms.

Maintain Homeostasis: Animals maintain a stable internal environment, keeping their bodies at certain temperatures to stay alive.
Gather and Respond to Information: Animals have a nervous system that allows them to respond to stimuli.
Obtain and Distribute Oxygen and Nutrients: Animals have a circulatory system to transport nutrients to body parts that need them.
Collect and Eliminate Waste: Animals use different body systems to eliminate waste.
Reproducing: Most animals reproduce sexually to create genetic diversity.

Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a vertebral column (backbone).
- They constitute over 95% of all animals.
Vertebrates (Chordates): Animals that develop a backbone (vertebral column) made of individual vertebrae (spinal bones).

Phyla: Annelida (Segmented Worms), Nematoda (Round Worms), Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms), Chordata, Porifera (Sponges), Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins), Cnidaria (Coral, Jellyfish), Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Octopi)
Subphyla of Arthropoda: Chelicerates (Horseshoe Crabs, Spiders, Scorpions), Crustaceans (Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Barnacles), Labiatae (Insects, Centipedes, Millipedes)
Classes:
- Invertebrate Classes: Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Jellyfish, Coral, Anemones, Oysters, Clams, Slugs, Periwinkles, Snails, Squid, Octopi
- Vertebrate Classes: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Bony Fish, Cartilaginous Fish, Lampreys, Hagfish

Amphibians: Live in the water as larvae and on land as adults. Reproduce in water and have lungs (frogs, toads, salamanders).
Birds: Have feathers, lightweight bones, scale-covered legs, and front limb wings (ostrich, cardinal, eagle, hawk).
Reptiles: Have dry, scaly skin, strong limbs, lay eggs, and are cold-blooded (lizard, snake, tortoise).
Mammals: Have mammary glands used to feed young, hair, and a four-chambered heart (human, dog, cat).
Bony Fish: Fish with a strong, bony skeleton (tuna, bass, trout, other fish).
Cartilaginous Fish: Fish with a cartilage skeleton, providing greater body movement control (sharks, rays, skates).
Jawless Fish: Lampreys and hagfish.

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapien
Primates: Intelligent and social creatures exhibiting complex behaviors; mammals with relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, strong clavicles, binocular vision, and a well-developed cerebrum (humans, apes, monkeys).
Hominin: Primates that have opposable thumbs and large brains (chimpanzees, gorillas, humans).
Homo: Group of hominins that resemble modern humans from ancient times till now; distinctions due to adaptations over time.

cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
Specialized cells organized into tissues.
- Epithelial Tissue: Creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules (skin, intestines, other organs).
- Nervous Tissue: Transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems (brain, spinal cord, nerves).
- Muscular Tissue: Contracts to initiate movement in the body (skeletal, cardiac, smooth).
- Connective Tissue: Underlies and supports other tissue types (tendons, cartilage).

Function: Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.
Related Organs: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus

Function: The system responsible for eliminating metabolic waste.
Related Organs: Skin (removes water, salts, small amounts of urea), Lungs, Liver, Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra

Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues.
Related Organs: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), Blood

Function: A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects the lymph (blood cells and plasma) that escapes the capillaries and returns it to the circulatory system.
Related Organs: Thymus, Tonsils, Bone marrow, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, Spleen

Function: Picks up oxygen from the air as we inhale and releases carbon dioxide as we exhale.
Related Organs: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Diaphragm, Chest muscles

Function: Collects information about the internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it.
Related Organs: Brain, Neuron (nerve cells) (sensory, motor, interneurons)
- Somatic NS: Regulates movement of skeletal muscles
- Autonomic NS: Regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

Function: Supports the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation.
Related Organs: Bones, Ligaments (bone to bone), Tendons (bone to something else)

Function: Produce movement by shortening or contracting muscles.
Related Organs: Smooth Muscles (esophagus, stomach, intestines), Cardiac Muscles (heart), Skeletal muscles (“normal muscles”)

Function: Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temperature, removes wastes, gathers sensory information, produces vitamin D.
Related Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands

Function: Release hormones that travel through the blood and control the actions of cells, tissues, and organs.
Related Organs: Hypothalamus (brain), Pituitary (brain), Thyroid (neck), Parathyroid, Adrenal (kidneys), Pineal (brain), Pancreas, Ovaries/Testes

Function: (Male) produce and deliver sperm cells; (Female) produce estrogen, produce egg cells, and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo.
Related Organs: (Male) Testes; (Female) Ovaries