Animalia Notes

Animalia

  • Multicellular organisms.
  • Ingestive heterotrophs: They obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms or organic matter.
  • Examples: humans, sponges, worms.

What Animals Do to Survive

  • Maintain Homeostasis: Animals maintain a stable internal environment, keeping their bodies at certain temperatures to stay alive.
  • Gather and Respond to Information: Animals have a nervous system that allows them to respond to stimuli.
  • Obtain and Distribute Oxygen and Nutrients: Animals have a circulatory system to transport nutrients to body parts that need them.
  • Collect and Eliminate Waste: Animals use different body systems to eliminate waste.
  • Reproducing: Most animals reproduce sexually to create genetic diversity.

Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates

  • Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a vertebral column (backbone).
    • They constitute over 95% of all animals.
  • Vertebrates (Chordates): Animals that develop a backbone (vertebral column) made of individual vertebrae (spinal bones).

Animal Kingdom

  • Phyla: Annelida (Segmented Worms), Nematoda (Round Worms), Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms), Chordata, Porifera (Sponges), Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins), Cnidaria (Coral, Jellyfish), Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Octopi)
  • Subphyla of Arthropoda: Chelicerates (Horseshoe Crabs, Spiders, Scorpions), Crustaceans (Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp, Barnacles), Labiatae (Insects, Centipedes, Millipedes)
  • Classes:
    • Invertebrate Classes: Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Jellyfish, Coral, Anemones, Oysters, Clams, Slugs, Periwinkles, Snails, Squid, Octopi
    • Vertebrate Classes: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Bony Fish, Cartilaginous Fish, Lampreys, Hagfish

Vertebrate Classes

  • Amphibians: Live in the water as larvae and on land as adults. Reproduce in water and have lungs (frogs, toads, salamanders).
  • Birds: Have feathers, lightweight bones, scale-covered legs, and front limb wings (ostrich, cardinal, eagle, hawk).
  • Reptiles: Have dry, scaly skin, strong limbs, lay eggs, and are cold-blooded (lizard, snake, tortoise).
  • Mammals: Have mammary glands used to feed young, hair, and a four-chambered heart (human, dog, cat).
  • Bony Fish: Fish with a strong, bony skeleton (tuna, bass, trout, other fish).
  • Cartilaginous Fish: Fish with a cartilage skeleton, providing greater body movement control (sharks, rays, skates).
  • Jawless Fish: Lampreys and hagfish.

Human Classification

  • Domain: Eukaryota
  • Kingdom: Animalia
  • Phylum: Chordata
  • Class: Mammalia
  • Order: Primates
  • Family: Hominidae
  • Genus: Homo
  • Species: Sapien
  • Primates: Intelligent and social creatures exhibiting complex behaviors; mammals with relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, strong clavicles, binocular vision, and a well-developed cerebrum (humans, apes, monkeys).
  • Hominin: Primates that have opposable thumbs and large brains (chimpanzees, gorillas, humans).
  • Homo: Group of hominins that resemble modern humans from ancient times till now; distinctions due to adaptations over time.

Human Levels of Organization

  • cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
  • Specialized cells organized into tissues.
    • Epithelial Tissue: Creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules (skin, intestines, other organs).
    • Nervous Tissue: Transmits and integrates information through the central and peripheral nervous systems (brain, spinal cord, nerves).
    • Muscular Tissue: Contracts to initiate movement in the body (skeletal, cardiac, smooth).
    • Connective Tissue: Underlies and supports other tissue types (tendons, cartilage).

Human Systems: Digestive

  • Function: Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.
  • Related Organs: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus

Human Systems: Excretory

  • Function: The system responsible for eliminating metabolic waste.
  • Related Organs: Skin (removes water, salts, small amounts of urea), Lungs, Liver, Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra

Human Systems: Circulatory

  • Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues.
  • Related Organs: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), Blood

Human Systems: Lymphatic

  • Function: A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects the lymph (blood cells and plasma) that escapes the capillaries and returns it to the circulatory system.
  • Related Organs: Thymus, Tonsils, Bone marrow, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, Spleen

Human Systems: Respiratory

  • Function: Picks up oxygen from the air as we inhale and releases carbon dioxide as we exhale.
  • Related Organs: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Diaphragm, Chest muscles

Human Systems: Nervous

  • Function: Collects information about the internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it.
  • Related Organs: Brain, Neuron (nerve cells) (sensory, motor, interneurons)
    • Somatic NS: Regulates movement of skeletal muscles
    • Autonomic NS: Regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

Human Systems: Skeletal

  • Function: Supports the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation.
  • Related Organs: Bones, Ligaments (bone to bone), Tendons (bone to something else)

Human Systems: Muscular

  • Function: Produce movement by shortening or contracting muscles.
  • Related Organs: Smooth Muscles (esophagus, stomach, intestines), Cardiac Muscles (heart), Skeletal muscles (“normal muscles”)

Human Systems: Integumentary System

  • Function: Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temperature, removes wastes, gathers sensory information, produces vitamin D.
  • Related Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands

Human Systems: Endocrine

  • Function: Release hormones that travel through the blood and control the actions of cells, tissues, and organs.
  • Related Organs: Hypothalamus (brain), Pituitary (brain), Thyroid (neck), Parathyroid, Adrenal (kidneys), Pineal (brain), Pancreas, Ovaries/Testes

Human Systems: Reproductive

  • Function: (Male) produce and deliver sperm cells; (Female) produce estrogen, produce egg cells, and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo.
  • Related Organs: (Male) Testes; (Female) Ovaries