LECTURE-1 2021 BIOL 151 CELL STRUCTURE PDF
Page 1: Course Information
Course: BIOL 151 Cell Structure
Examiner: Professor William Gariba Akanwariwiak, Biological Sciences
Date: 18/01/2021
Page 2: COVID-19 Awareness
Cause: COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Transmission: Spreads via respiratory droplets, airborne transmission, and contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms Include: Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, chills, cold, headache, diarrhea, loss of taste or smell, and other non-specific symptoms.
Page 3: COVID-19 Safety Protocols
Prevention Measures:
Respiratory Hygiene: Use of masks and proper cough etiquette.
Hand Hygiene: Regular handwashing and sanitizing.
Physical Distancing: Maintain safe distance in public.
Environmental Awareness: Avoid crowded and poorly ventilated spaces.
Note: Adhering to protocols is essential due to the virus's mutating nature.
Page 4: Attendance Policies
Attendance Requirement: Integral part of course assessment.
Incentives: 10% marks awarded for 100% attendance.
Page 5: Attendance Consequences
Cumulative Absences: Exceeding three absences before mid-semester leads to ineligibility for mid-semester and end-exams.
Page 6: Attendance Exceptions
Students with acceptable excuses (approved by lecturer) will not receive automatic zero but deferred scores (Df).
Page 7: Assessment Overview
Pass Mark: 40%.
Weightage: Mid-Semester Exam (30%), End of Semester Exam (70%).
Format: Mid-Semester examination consists of fill-in-the-blank questions, scheduled from March 1 to March 5, 2021.
Page 8: Examination Duration
Timing: Each exam will last for one hour.
Topics Included: Examinations questions will cover material from January 18/19/21 to February 22/23/25.
Page 9: End of Semester Examination
Schedule: April 12 to April 23, 2021.
Format: 100 or 120 multiple choice questions.
Duration: Two hours.
Page 10: Breakdown of Course Assessment
Components:
Knowledge (C1)
Comprehension (C2)
Application (C3)
Analysis (C4)
Synthesis (C5)
Evaluation (C6)
Page 11: Participation & Assignment Weightage
Components:
Attendance and Participation: 10%
Assignment/Presentation/Term Paper: 5%
Practicals/Labs: 5%
Mid-Semester Examination: 20%
Final Examination: 70%
Page 12: Grading Scale
Grades:
A: 70-100 (Excellent)
B: 60-69 (Very Good)
C: 50-59 (Good)
D: 40-49 (Pass)
F: 0-39 (Fail)
I: Incomplete
Page 13: Degree Classification
Classifications:
1st Class: 70.00 – 100.00
2nd Class Upper: 60.00 – 69.99
2nd Class Lower: 50.00 – 59.99
Pass: 45.00 – 49.99
Page 14-15: Employability Skills
Desired Skills:
Communication and Interpersonal Skills
Problem-Solving Skills
Initiative
Working Under Pressure
Organizational Skills
Teamwork
Adaptability
Numeracy
Valuing Diversity
Critical Thinking
Page 16-20: Recommended Reading
Main Texts:
Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by Keith Wilson and John Walker.
Techniques Used in Bioproduct Analysis by Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
Structure and Function of Cells by Colin R. Hopkins.
Additional references for further reading in Molecular Cell Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Cell Biology.
Page 21-24: Broad Course Objectives
Course Goals:
Understand the theory and usage of light and electron microscopes.
Discriminate cellular structures.
Master cell and tissue fractionation methods.
Page 25-27: Specific Course Objectives on Microscopy
Skills Development:
Understanding the capabilities and limitations of simple microscopes.
Defining and calculating magnification, resolution, and identifying microscopy techniques.
Page 28-29: Units of Measurement in Microscopy
Unit Conversions:
1000 micrometers (µm) = 1 millimeter (mm).
1000 nanometers (nm) = 1 micrometer (µm).
Page 30: Microscope Functionality
Role of microscopes in determining cellular structures at the molecular level.
Contrast work against the transparency of specimens.
Page 31-39: Types and Defects of Simple Microscopes
Simple Microscopes: Uses one lens for magnification compared to compound microscopes.
Common Issues: Spherical aberration affecting clarity and resolution.
Page 40-44: Correcting Aberration Issues
Solutions for Aberrations:
Specialized lens designs.
Using immersion mediums to reduce refraction.
Page 46-50: Chromatic Aberration
Definition: Optical problem resulting in color fringing where light of different wavelengths refracts differently.
Solutions: Acromatic doublets using flint and crown glass.
Page 51-52: Light Microscopy Basics
Light Microscopy: Methods to observe specimens using visible light.
Basic types: Compound and Dissecting Microscopes.
Page 53-56: Functions of Light Microscopes
Key Functions: Magnification and enhancing resolution.
Max resolution range for microscopes and specifics about types.
Page 57-68: Resolution of Light Microscopes
Key Factors: Numerical aperture, wavelength of light, and principles affecting resolution and clarity.
Page 69-100: Advanced Microscopy Techniques
Highlights: Discussion of bright-field, phase-contrast, darkfield, ultraviolent, and fluorescence microscopy, exploring their unique functionalities and applications.
Page 101-206: Cell Structure and Organelles
Components of Cells:
Main organelles, their structure, function, and how they contribute to cellular activities.
Page 207-275: Cytoskeleton Structure & Function
Cytoskeleton Overview: Explanation of microtubules, microfilaments, and their roles in cell shape, movement, and division.
Page 276-306: Cell Fractionation Techniques
Discussion of methods for separating cellular components, emphasizing differential and buoyant density centrifugation.
Page 307-350: Chromatography Techniques
Various modes of chromatography for separating chemical compositions, focusing on the practical applications in lab analysis.