PROPERTIES-OF-MATTER
Page 1: Properties of Matter
Page 2: Phases of Matter
Solid
Molecular Arrangement: Ordered arrangement in fixed positions, very close particles.
Liquid
Molecular Arrangement: Disordered arrangement, free to move, somewhat close particles.
Gas
Molecular Arrangement: Very disordered arrangement of far apart particles, moves freely.
Page 3: Phases of Matter Characteristics
Solid
Appearance: Hard, rigid, does not flow.
Volume: Fixed volume and shape.
Liquid
Appearance: Flows easily.
Volume: Definite volume; assumes the shape of the container.
Gas
Appearance: Flows easily.
Volume: No fixed volume; assumes the volume and shape of the container.
Page 4: Compressibility and Diffusion
Solid
Compressibility: Not easily compressible.
Diffusion Ability: Extremely slow rate of diffusion.
Liquid
Compressibility: Not easily compressible.
Diffusion Ability: Slow rate of diffusion.
Gas
Compressibility: Easily compressible.
Diffusion Ability: Fast rate of diffusion.
Page 5: Physical Properties of Matter
Definition: Characteristics determined without changing chemical identity.
Examples: Length, Color, Density, Mass, Elasticity, Pressure, Volume, Luster.
Page 6: Types of Physical Properties
Intensive Properties
Do not depend on amount of matter.
Extensive Properties
Depend on quantity of matter.
Page 7: Intensive Properties of Matter
Color
Taste
Boiling Point: Temp. of liquid to gas.
Freezing Point: Temp. of liquid to solid under normal conditions.
Page 8: Density
Definition: Measure of mass per volume.
Page 9: Hardness and Luster
Hardness: Resistance to deformation, scratching.
Luster: How light interacts with material's surface.
Page 10: Additional Intensive Properties
Mass: Amount of matter in an object.
Volume: Space occupied by an object.
Length: Extent in one dimension.
Shape: Three-dimensional structure.
Page 11: Energy and Enthalpy
Energy: Capacity to do work or produce heat.
Enthalpy: Total heat content at constant pressure.
Page 12: Physical Change Examples
Examples: Breaking, Mixing, Shredding, Melting, Boiling, etc.
Page 13: Chemical Change
Definition: Substance changes into entirely new substance.
Chemical Reaction: Reactants form products.
Page 14: Evidence of Chemical Change
Indicators: Change in color, gas evolution, heat/light production, precipitate formation.
Page 15: Examples of Chemical Changes
Iron Rusting, Burning Wood, Metabolism, Cooking, etc.
Page 16: Properties of the Three States of Matter
Page 17: Types of Solids
Crystalline Solid
Metallic Solid
Amorphous Solid
Page 18: Density in Solids
Density: Ratio of mass per unit volume, solids > liquids and gases.
Page 19: Crystalline Solids
Definition: Atoms arranged in geometric structure, called crystals.
Page 20: Metallic Solids
Composition: Positive metal ions with mobile electrons, good conductors, malleable, ductile.
Page 21: Amorphous Solids
Definition: Formed from quick cooling of molten materials, lacks definite shape.
Page 22: Fluid Properties
Fluidity: Ability to flow; liquids < gases.
Page 23: Viscosity
Definition: Resistance of a liquid to flow; determined by intermolecular forces, size, and shape of molecules.
Page 24: Temperature Influence
Definition: Increase in temperature raises kinetic energy preventing molecule flow.
Page 25: Surface Tension
Definition: Energy needed to increase surface area; inward pull by interior particles.
Page 26: Surface Tension and Surfactants
Surfactants lower the surface tension of water.
Page 27: Capillary Action
Definition: Liquid ability to flow in narrow spaces without external force.
Page 28: Forces in Capillary Action
Cohesion: Attraction between identical molecules.
Adhesion: Attraction between different molecules.
Page 29: Density of Liquid
Density: Varies with weight at constant volume; greater weight = higher density.
Page 30: Gas Properties
Volume
Definition: Amount of space occupied; gas fills available volume.
Page 31: Pressure
Definition: Force exerted by molecules over area; measured by barometer.
Page 32: Temperature in Gases
Definition: Measure of average kinetic energy; temperature increase causes expansion.
Page 33: Temperature Effects on Volume
Cooling causes gas to contract, decreasing volume.