Comprehensive Study Guide on C++ Structures and Data Organization

Array: Used for variables and data collection that consist of the same data type. For example, an array of integers would be declared as: $int\,marks[10];$ .
Struct (Structure): Used for variables that contain different data types within a single unit. For example, a single record might require an integer for credits and a float for GPA: $int\,credit;$ and $float\,cgpa;$ .
Memory Allocation (Declaration): Declaring standard variables like $int$ , $float$ , $char$ , or an $array$ allocates a specific location in the computer's memory.
- Example: $int\,mark;$ allocates one space for a single integer.
- Example: $int\,mark[2];$ allocates two contiguous spaces for integers, referred to as $mark[0]$ and $mark[1]$ .

Organizing a struct involves two primary steps: Definition and Declaration.
Step 1: Definition: This defines the blueprint or template for the structure. It specifies the struct name and the members within it.
- Syntax for struct definition: cpp struct CourseInfo { string name; string code; int credit; };         
- In this example, CourseInfo is the struct name, and name, code, and credit are the struct members.
Step 2: Declaration: This step creates an actual occurrence of the struct in memory.
- Example: CourseInfo Course1; and CourseInfo Course2; declare two separate variables of the CourseInfo type.
Alternative Inline Declaration (Figure 1): Structures can be defined and declared simultaneously: cpp struct { string name; string code; int credit; } Course1, Course2;

Initialization: Assigning values at the time of declaration.
- Example: CourseInfo Course1 = {"Structured Programming", "MTS3013", 3}; assigns "Structured Programming" to the name, "MTS3013" to the code, and 3 to the credit member.
Accessing Struct Members:
- While an array uses an index or subscript (e.g., $marks[0]$ ), a struct uses the dot operator ( $.$ ), also known as the member access operator.
- Example: Course1.name; or Course2.code; targets a specific data field within the struct variable.

A. Input Data via Assignment (Assign Operator):
- Members can be assigned values individually:
  - Course1.name = "Data Struct";
  - Course1.code = "MTS3023";
  - Course1.credit = 3;
B. Input Data via cin:
- To get user input for specific members: cin >> Course1.name; cin >> Course1.code; cin >> Course1.credit;.
C. Output Data via cout:
- To display member data to the console: cout << Course1.name; cout << Course1.code; cout << Course1.credit;.

The following program demonstrates the definition, declaration, and assignment of a structure: ```cpp
include
include
struct CourseInfo { string name; string code; int credit; };
int main() { CourseInfo Course1; Course1.name = "Data Struct"; Course1.code = "MTS3023"; Course1.credit = 3; return 0; } ```
Result after running a similar program (using Course1 details: Structured Programming, MTS3013, 3): Structured Programming MTS3013 3

These are variables created during the execution of a program (runtime).
new: Used to build a new temporary variable by allocating a memory location pointed to by a specific pointer.
delete: Used to destroy the temporary variable and free up the allocated memory location.

Struct Definition: cpp struct car { char no_plat[9]; char name[40]; int year; double price; };     
**(i) Declare a single struct variable named ** car1 ** to store information for one car**:
- car car1;
**(ii) Declare a struct variable named ** list ** to store information for 20 cars**:
- car list[20];
**(iii) Write input statements for ** car1 ** and ** list ** (Input data into the struct)**:
- For car1: cin >> car1.no_plat; cin >> car1.name; cin >> car1.year; cin >> car1.price;
- For list: for (int x = 0; x < 20; x++) { cin >> list[x].no_plat; cin >> list[x].name; cin >> list[x].year; cin >> list[x].price; }

Struct Definition: cpp struct Camera { char cameraMake[20]; char cameraModel[20]; char zoomLevel[5]; float megaPixels; float price; };     
Task A: Declare an array for 25 types of camera:
- Camera Camera1[25];
Task B: Write code to input data into the 25 camera arrays: cpp for (int y = 0; y < 25; y++) { cin >> Camera1[y].cameraMake; cin >> Camera1[y].cameraModel; cin >> Camera1[y].zoomLevel; cin >> Camera1[y].megaPixels; cin >> Camera1[y].price; }     
Task C: Display camera models with a price greater than RM 500: cpp for (int y = 0; y < 25; y++) { if (Camera1[y].price > 500) { cout << Camera1[y].cameraModel; } }

Struct Definition: cpp struct Info_Kad { string name; int no_kad; int year; };     
**Task A: Declare ** kad_debit ** for 10 customers**:
- Info_Kad kad_debit[10];
**Task B: main() function for input/output of ** kad_debit ** data**: cpp void main() { // Input loop for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cin >> kad_debit[i].name; cin >> kad_debit[i].no_kad; cin >> kad_debit[i].year; } // Output loop for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << kad_debit[i].name; cout << kad_debit[i].no_kad; cout << kad_debit[i].year; } }

Struct Definition: cpp struct Personal_Rekod { string last_name; string first_name; int age; };     
**Task A: Declare ** staf ** for 10 staff members**:
- Personal_Rekod staf[10];
Task B: Full program with input and formatted output: ```cpp
include
include
struct Personal_Rekod { string namaTerakhir; string namaPertama; int umur; };
void main() { Personal_Rekod ahli_akademik[10]; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << "Masukkan nama Pertama: "; cin >> ahli_akademik[i].namaPertama; cout << "Masukkan nama Terakhir: "; cin >> ahli_akademik[i].namaTerakhir; cout << "Masukkan umur: "; cin >> ahli_akademik[i].umur; } for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout << ahli_akademik[i].namaPertama << " " << ahli_akademik[i].namaTerakhir << " " << ahli_akademik[i].umur; } } ```