motivation and emotion
motivation
motivation:
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct theory:
instincts are complex unlearned behaviors, have a fixed pattern throughout a species
ex: birds flying south
doesnt explain motivation in humans because humans no longer have instincts
has been replaced by evolutionary perspective for humans - explains things like mating patterns
evolutionary perspective:
how have humans and their innate behaviors evolved over time
explains things like mating patterns
drive reduction theory:
a physiological/biological urge/DRIVE to do something causes an arousal state, people need to do something in order to REDUCE that drive
ex: people get hungry and have the DRIVE to eat, and eating will REDUCE that drive
people reduce to get back to a normal state, called homeostasis
arousal theory:
we are driven to maintain certain levels of arousal (state of activity)
drive:
push to do something
homeostasis:
balanced state of the body
with drive theory, we are driven to return the body to homeostasis by doing something
abraham maslow:
psychologist who came up w the hierarchy of needs
we need the things at the bottom of the pyramid (food, water, family/friends/love) before we can attain the things on the top (self-actualization)
yerkes-dodson law:
that funky curve thing
performance is typically best when arousal is at a medium level
performance goes up as arousal goes up but only up to a certain point
too much or too little is ineffective
charles darwin:
father of the evolutionary perspective, which discusses how factors of humans’ life in the past might have caused them to act the way that they do/be motivated by certain things now
incentive theory:
when something is pulling you to do something, which makes you motivated to do it
supported by skinner bc it is similar to operant conditioning
physiological needs:
food and water, shelter, etc
motivation to do things that get them (drive theory)
need:
when something is necessary for survival and someone will do whatever needed to obtain it (very driven/motivated to do it)
incentive:
something used in order to motivate someone to do something
something that makes someone want to do something in order to get to the incentive
ex: prize money
self-actualization:
to realize one’s OWN full potential
self-transcendence:
need to realize the possibilities beyond oneself/find identity and meaning beyond oneself
safety needs:
security in the aspects of ones life (job, relationships, finances, etc)
hierarchy needs (steps):
physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem
self-actualization
instinct:
something we are driven to do because of an unconscious urge
hunger
effects of starvation:
lower brain function because of lack of glucose to fuel the brain
glucose:
fuels the brain and the body, major source of energy
feeds neurons
hunger is triggered when glucose levels are low
hypothalamus:
sends hunger message to the brain once glucose levels are running low
lateral hypothalamus:
hunger center
animals will eat when the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated
when it is destroyed they will not eat (starve)
lat = fat
ventromedial hypothalamus:
satiation center
animals will stop eating when the ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated
when it is destroyed they will not stop eating (obesity)
set point:
one point at which one weighs the right amount (+- like 10 pounds)
weight loss = hunger increases
weight gain = hunger decreases
slow weight loss can change set point
obestatin:
hunger suppressing hormone, produced in stomach
basal metabolic rate:
rate of energy used for bodily functions
the rate you metabolize food
social facilitation:
social pressure to eat can lead to weight gain (conformity)
modeling eating a lot + weight gain can lead to weight gain (modeling)
cultures idealize certain body types, leading to changed eating habits in order to fit those
anorexia nervosa:
starving oneself
bulimia nervosa:
binge eating followed by purging (throwing up, excessive exercise, etc
binge eating disorder:
binge eating
obesity:
once someone becomes fat they require less calories to maintain their weight
becoming fat = fat cells inflate and then split, leading to more fat cells
losing weight = fat cells deflate, they do not decrease
once a fat person loses weight, they will still have a slower metabolism and have to eat fewer calories
insulin:
hormone produced in pancreas that moves glucose into bloodstream and liver for storage
fat cells:
they inflate when there is an excess of calories, and when they become very full they split, and then there are more
when weight is lost fat cells do not decrease, they deflate
sleep loss:
causes people to be more hungry
increases ghrelin, leads to weight gain
genetic factors of weight:
set point, basal metabolic rate, number of fat cells
ghrelin:
hunger arousing hormone, produced in stomach, part of circadian rhythm
sexual motivation
estrogen:
female sex hormone, responsible for the growth of female sex organs
testosterone:
male sex hormone, responsible for the growth of male sex organs
masters and johnson:
created sexual response cycle after studying over 700 men and women
sexual response cycle (has four stages):
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (and then refractory period for men)
alfred kinsey:
developed kinsey scale to measure sexual orientation
created sexology
sexology:
study of sex basically
study of sexual interests, behaviors, and functions
kinsey scale:
scale to measure homosexuality
only heterosexual = 0
only homosexual = 6
sexual orientation:
who youre attracted to
need to belong
evolutionary psychology:
evolutionary perspective says that staying together in groups in the early days helped humans survive, so therefore it remains beneficial to us
conformity:
people tend to act the way that others are acting in order to not feel left out so that they can have friends
ostracism:
when one is seen as an outsider in a community
affiliation motive:
our motivation to belong
motivation at work and GRIT
industrial/organizational psychology:
branch of psychology that focuses on ensuring the mental wellbeing of office workers and other workers
achievement motivation:
desire to achieve things
intrinsic motivation:
motivated to do something out of your own “heart”/willingness, not any other factors
low need for achievement:
people tend to choose either very easy or almost impossible goals
avoidance-avoidance conflict
situations that have two negative options
overjustification effect:
when someone is rewarded for something too much and is no longer motivated to do the something anymore, they just want the reward
david mcclelland:
identified achievement motivation
created the tat test
self-efficacy:
belief in one’s own ability to succeed
approach-approach:
situations with two positive options
mutliple approach-avoidance conflict:
several options, but have both positive and negative
thematic aperception test:
tat test
measures:
need for affiliation
need for power
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation:
motivation due to outside factor, not internal motivation
high need for achievement:
people choose moderately challenging tasks, they avoid easy tasks because there is no challenge and hard tasks because there is too much of a challenge/low chance of success
they need constant achievement or need to work with other high achievers
approach-avoidance conflict:
situations in which the option has both positive and negative consequences
grit:
perseverance, resilience, determination, etc