Stoichiometry and Limiting Reagents

Conversion Factors in Chemical Reactions

• Conversion factors relate quantities in stoichiometry.
• Example: From the balanced equation, we can deduce that for every (1) mole of chlorine, we would produce a certain amount of sodium chloride (NaCl).
• In this scenario, if there are 10 moles of chlorine, but only 3 moles of sodium (Na) are available, Na is the limiting reagent.
• We can calculate how much product will form based on the limiting reagent.

Limiting and Excess Reagents

• The limiting reagent is the reactant that is consumed first in a chemical reaction, thus limiting the amount of product formed.
• Any reactant that remains unreacted after the reaction is termed an excess reagent.
• In the example, after the reaction, we will have excess chlorine because not all of it is used (only (1.5) moles react out of (10)).

Predicting Products

• To predict the amount of products generated (e.g., water from hydrogen and oxygen), balance the reaction first.
• If only one substance is provided (e.g., hydrogen), it is the limiting reagent. Otherwise, you must analyze each reactant to determine which is limiting.

Understanding Moles and Avogadro's Number

• Moles are a way to count entities (atoms, molecules) in chemistry using Avogadro's number, which is approximately (6.022 \times 10^{23}).
• Example: 1 mole of water (H2O) corresponds to (6.022 \times 10^{23}) water molecules.
• This relationship can be applied universally for any substance:
• (1) mole of any substance = (6.022 \times 10^{23}) entities of that substance.
• Thus, for hydrogen, you would have (6.022 \times 10^{23}) atoms of hydrogen in (1) mole of hydrogen gas.

Calculating Moles of Reactants and Products

• The amount of moles involved in reactions can be treated as ratios based on the balanced equation.
• Work from the limiting reagent's mole quantity to find how much of other substances react and what remains after the reaction occurs.
• Always account for moles of excess reactants when analyzing the reaction's outcome.