globalisation - the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade + cultural exchange
voluntary economic migrants - moving for work
refugees - forced to leave their country because of war, natural disasters, persecution
asylum seekers - fleeing to another country to fight for the right to international protection
international migration - the movement across national borders
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Japan’s ageing population:
Australia
+ migrant labour is mostly focused on the movement to core regions
+ economic theory views humans as an economic resource that businesses need to make use of. People should therefore be allowed to move where work is, to optimise economic output.
E.g., the EU encouraged by the Schengen Agreement since 1985
- high inward migration can lead to rising house prices if the housing supply fails to meet demand together with overcrowded schools, strained healthcare provision, and falling local wages (because immigrant labour is usually willing to work for less)
- large out-migrations from source regions can leave those areas with skills shortages and an ageing population (brain drain)
E.g., poverty and violence in Mexico and Central America have motivated millions of people to head (both legally + illegally) to the USA
E.g., political upheaval and religious repression in Myanmar is causing people to leave the country, particularly from the Muslim minority
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Immigration is controversial and can cause resentment within host populations, who may sense threats to their national identities. Some migrants become victims of harassment, abuse, violence + exploitation, or the subject of hostility in the tabloid press. Tensions have risen both within the EU and its neighbours:
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Types of immigration include:
Immigrant investor visas criteria varies from country to country. U.S immigrant investor programme requires a minimum investment of $500,000 and a minimum creation of 10 jobs. It is one way of obtaining permanent residency (aka green cards) and the benefit of this programme, is the creation of new business opportunities within the host country.
For Mexicans, crossing the border into the USA is risky and expensive. Many illegal immigrants pay people smugglers between US$4,000-10,000 to cross the border.
Migrants to Australia generally enter as skilled workers, but they need a minimum of 65 points in Australia’s point-based system. Skilled workers include professional and manual workers, with accountants and mechanics earning 60pts. Points are awarded depending on age, qualifications and competence in English. Preference is also given to those with an existing job offer.
post colonial migrants - people who moved to the UK from former colonies of the British Empire during the 50s-70s
sovereignty - the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
diaspora - the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland
displacement - the action of moving something from its place or position
capital - wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organisation or available for a purpose
environmental change | economic effects | political events | |
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influence of factor | Climate change is already causing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened, e.g., Syrian refugee crisis in part has been attributed to desertification by the US Pentagon’s security analysts. | The global financial crisis of 2007-8 had an unprecedented effect on immigration. For the first time since 1945, world GDP shrank. Net migration from Poland fell to its lowest levels since the 1950s. | New conflicts can unexpectedly trigger or diversify global migration flows. On many occasions since WWII, political regime changes have prompted ethnic groups to flee states |
evaluation of importance | Climate change acts to intensify rural poverty in some countries. Movers who might previously have been classed as economic migrants become refugees due to an increasingly hostile environment. | The realisation that globalisation has a ‘reverse gear’ means future projects for urbanisation + global migration should be treated with caution - economic systems can become unstable. | In parts of N. Africa, C. Africa, + Middle East, political factors are now a more important influence on migration than globalisation - 12million people have been displaced by Syria’s war. |
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causality - the causes of differing attitudes towards migration
identity - how the identity of populations change as a result of migration
culture - the ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society
ethnic - a social group identified by a distinctive culture, religion, language, or similar
assimilation - the gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country, sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness. This happens over time as migrants become more mobile, have mixed marriages, and adjust to the host nation’s way of life.
ethnic segregation - the voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities
apartheid - the enforced segregation of people by skin colour or ethnicity in S. Africa 1948-1991
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